1707588593
1707588594
[7]然而奇怪的是,竹林会周期性地开花然后枯死,科学家观测到的1975年和1983年大面积箭竹开花直接导致了大熊猫陆续被饿死。由于与中国现代国家形象之间构建起了重要联系,大熊猫和它们的栖息地得到了中央政府的特别关注,但别的野生动物保护区就没那么幸运了。关于竹子的死亡,参见Songster,ch.5。
1707588595
1707588596
[8]转引自Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,109。
1707588597
1707588598
[9]根据近期对云南西部老君山国家公园的一次实地考察报告,当地几乎没有专业的护林员,生活在这里的8 000名居民也不知道自己是居住在国家公园里,参见Mike Ives,“Scoping Out New Playgrounds,”LosAngelesTimes,January 9,2011,L1,L5。
1707588599
1707588600
[10]Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Biodiversity in China,”919.
1707588601
1707588602
[11]Ibid.,920.
1707588603
1707588604
[12]Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Biodiversity in China,”922.
1707588605
1707588606
[13]Ibid.,923.
1707588607
1707588608
[14]George B.Schaller and Gu Binyuan,“Ungulates in Northwest Tibet,”NationalGeographicResearch&Exploration 10,no.3(1994):267,268,285,274.
1707588609
1707588610
[15]Emily T.Yeh,“The Politics of Conservation in Contemporary Rural China,”TheJournalofPeasantStudies 40,no.6(2013):1165-1188.亦可参阅China Dialogue上的文章节选:https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/6696-Do-China-s-nature-reserves-only-exist-on-paper-.Accessed August 14,2016。
1707588611
1707588612
[16]由政府主持的造林工程并不是新中国才有的,曾任中华民国第一任大总统并在复辟帝制中遭遇失败的袁世凯,就曾在1914年颁布过中国的第一部森林法——《中华民国森林法》,而政府植树造林计划与实际结果相脱节的情况同样也由来已久,参见E.Elena Songster,“Cultivating the Nation in Fujian’s Forests:Forest Policies and Afforestation Efforts in China,1911-1937,”EnvironmentalHistory 8(July 2003):454,468。
1707588613
1707588614
[17]Edmonds,PatternsofChina’sLostHarmony,51-57.
1707588615
1707588616
[18]Ibid.,55-56.
1707588617
1707588618
[19]Liu,“Reforestation after Deforestation,”95-96.
1707588619
1707588620
[20]关于十项主要的森林工程及其目标,亦可参见Wang et al.,“Mosaic of Reform,”76。
1707588621
1707588622
[21]“Restoring China’s Loess Plateau,”The World Bank,March 15,2007,http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2007/03/15/restoring-chinas-loess-plateau.Accessed July 27,2016.其中一个赞扬的视频是“黄土高原的神奇故事,也被誉为中国的绿色长城”,https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=bjLV_aVRUmQ# t=5.140508412,and“BBC Future Building the Great Green Wall of China,”https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=VS-v0b8GkFs。
1707588623
1707588624
[22]Coco Liu,“China’s Great Green Wall Helps Pull CO2 Out of Atmosphere,”Scientific American online,April 24,2015,http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-s-great-green-wall-helps-pull-co2-out-of-atmosphere/.作者提到了那些对绿色长城的长期成功及其对全球二氧化碳生物质封存贡献表示怀疑的科学家的研究和评论。
1707588625
1707588626
[23]参见曹世雄等的两篇论文“Excessive Reliance on Afforestation in China’s Arid and Semi-Arid Regions:Lessons in Ecological Restoration,”Earth-ScienceReviews 104 no.4(February 2011):240-245;“Greening China Naturally,”Ambio 40,no.7(November 2011):828-831。
1707588627
1707588628
[24]有关概述参见Jon R.Luoma,“China’s Reforestation Programs:Big Success or Just an Illusion,”Environment360,Yale University,January 12,2012,http://e360.yale.edu/feature/chinas_reforestation_programs_big_success_or_just_an_illusion/2484/。
1707588629
1707588630
[25]在与缅甸接壤地区,中国对猎杀保护动物的禁令导致了至少有一位猎人经常进入缅甸境内猎杀豹子,还有一些人则越境猎杀鹿和其他小型动物,参见Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,161。
1707588631
1707588632
[26]Andrew E.Kramer,“At the Russia-China Border,Bear Paws Sell Best,”The NewYorkTimes,June 29,2010,http://nytimes.com/2010/06/30/world/asia/30animals.
1707588633
1707588634
[27]“Civets,Other Wildlife Off the Chinese Menu,”AssociatedPress,April 18,2006,http://www.msnbc.com/id/12371160/.
1707588635
1707588636
[28]Qiu Quanlin,“Scientists Prove SARS-Civet Cat Link,”ChinaDaily,November 23,2006,http://www.chinadaily,com.cn.china/2006-11/23/content.
1707588637
1707588638
[29]J.A.Mills,BloodoftheTiger:AStoryofConspiracy,Greed,andthe BattletoSaveaMagnificentSpecies(Boston,MA:Beacon Press Books,2015).曾参加2016年9月在南非约翰内斯堡举行的联合国《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》大会的J.A.米尔斯告诉我,参会的180多个国家同意开始逐步停止对老虎的商业性养殖。中国目前有大约5 000只老虎被人工饲养,由于该行业既得利益者的极力反对,制止商业性养殖在未来能否以及如何实现,目前还很难判断。
1707588639
1707588640
1707588641
1707588642
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.707588593e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]