打字猴:1.707588843e+09
1707588843
1707588844 [37]Jonathan Unger,“Life in the Chinese Hinterlands under the Rural Economic Reforms,”BulletinofConcernedAsianScholars 22,no.2(1990):9.
1707588845
1707588846 [38]Fang Zhouzi,quoted in Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors,137.
1707588847
1707588848 [39]关于西部大开发战略的简要介绍,可参见Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,52。
1707588849
1707588850 [40]Darrin L.Magee,NewEnergyGeographies:PowershedPoliticsandHydropowerDecisionMakinginYunnan,China(University of Washington Ph.D.thesis,2006),112-114.
1707588851
1707588852 [41]关于修建第一个大型水利枢纽工程——黄河三门峡水电站反对意见被压制所造成的后果,可参见Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,62-65。
1707588853
1707588854 [42]薛野、汪永晨:《备受争议的西南水电开发》,载梁从诫主编《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》。
1707588855
1707588856 [43]Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors,45-48.
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1707588858 [44]Ibid.
1707588859
1707588860 [45]Elisabeth Hsu,“The History of qinghao in the Chinese materiamedica,”TransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofTropicalMedicineandHygiene no.100(2006):505-508,该文讨论了青蒿的历史以及青蒿和黄蒿的区别。
1707588861
1707588862 [46]关于中国治疗疟疾药物发展历程的简要介绍,可参见Sonia Shah,TheFever:HowMalariaHasRuledHumankindfor 500,000 Years(New York,NY:Sarah Crichton Books,Farrar,Strauss and Giroux,2010),110-114;以及Randall M.Packard,TheMakingofaTropicalDisease:AShortHistoryofMalaria(Baltimore,MD:Johns Hopkins University Press,2007)。
1707588863
1707588864 [47]“Nobel Prize Goes to Modest Woman Who Beat Malaria for China,”NewScientist,October 5,2015,https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228382-000-themodest-woman-who-beat-malaria-for-china/.Accessed October 6,2015.
1707588865
1707588866 [48]Magee,NewEnergyGeographies,125-155.
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1707588868 [49]Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors,110-115.
1707588869
1707588870 [50]Ibid.,116.
1707588871
1707588872 [51]United Nations Environment Programme,World Conservation Monitoring Center,“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas,”www.unep-wcmc.org.
1707588873
1707588874 [52]UNESCO World Heritage Centre,“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas,”http://whc.unesco,org/en/list/1083.
1707588875
1707588876 [53]United Nations Environment Programme,World Conservation Monitoring Center,“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas,”www.unep-wcmc.org.
1707588877
1707588878 [54]有关概述可参阅Guangyu Wang et al.,“National Park Development in China:Conservation or Commercialization?”Ambio 41(2012):247-261.Accessed on JSTOR,http://www.jstor.org/stable/41510579? seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_ contents.有关云南北部国家公园的详细信息,可参考John Aloysius Zinda,“Making National Parks in Yunnan:Shifts and Struggles within the Ecological State,”in Emily T.Yeh and Chris Coggins,eds.,MappingShangrila:ContestedLandscapesintheSino-TibetanBorderlands(Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,2014),107-108,and Setsuko Matsuzawa,“A National Park Becomes a Growth Machine:Transnational Politics of Conservation in Southwest China,”paper presented at the 2014 Annual Meeting of ISA World Congress of Sociology,18-19,感谢松泽(Matsuzawa)教授与我分享她的论文。关于亚丁自然保护区,可参阅Travis Klingberg,“A Routine Discovery:The Practice of Place and the Opening of the Yading Nature Reserve,”in Yeh and Coggins eds,MappingShangrila,75-94.
1707588879
1707588880 [55]UNESCO World Heritage Centre,“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas,”http://whc.unesco,org/en/list/1083.
1707588881
1707588882 [56]Michael J.Hathaway,EnvironmentalWinds:MakingtheGlobalinSouthwest China(Berkeley and Los Angeles,CA:University of California Press,2013),esp.ch.5,“On the Backs of Elephants,”152-184.
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1707588887 中国环境史:从史前到现代(第2版) [:1707583836]
1707588888 中国环境史:从史前到现代(第2版) 第五节 大气污染
1707588889
1707588890 为高速的经济发展供电——以煤炭为主
1707588891
1707588892 为了推动工业化的迅速发展,中国需要供应大量的电力,这也的确是建设三峡工程等水电工程最主要的原因。水能、风能和太阳能是中国用于发电的三大主要可再生能源,但即使有了用于加热水的太阳能和各种高效节能方法的运用,可再生能源总计也只能满足2020年中国预计能源总需求量的20%。[1]因此,中国不仅需要在现有的2.2万座大坝的基础上继续修建水电站,还要在已经投入运营的37座核电站的基础上再新建20座核电站。[2]尽管如此,煤炭对中国的工业化仍然至关重要。
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