打字猴:1.701135084e+09
1701135084 苦难与信仰:近代潮汕基督徒的宗教经验 [:1701134354]
1701135085 二、医学影响与本土反应
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1701135087 教会医院建立起来后一个值得关注的问题是,它们在当地社会中究竟有多大的影响,或者换句话说在当地社会文化网络中究竟处于什么地位。教会医院就功能而言,主要在两个方面,一个是医治病人,一个是传播福音。这里先考察其纯粹的医学影响及本土社会对其的反应,然后再考察这种医学上的影响与福音传播是否存在某种关联性。
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1701135089 从医务传教士自身来说,由于其受过规范的西方医学教育,所以他们自己在与本地医生比较时很自然地表现出一种专业上的优越感。吴威凛就指出,中国人在疾病治疗方面远远落后于西方国家。医生在治疗过程中依据的是错误的原理,完全忽视解剖学和生理学。尽管中国的药典中包含有价值的药物,但能够熟练地使用它们的本地医生并不多。本地的医生是自封的,没有严格的资格限制。一些人没有别的本事去维系生计,但只要能看医书,照抄药方就可以自由行医,他们主要的目的就是收取病人的费用。在吴威凛看来,传教医生将获得本地民众的信任,因为他们真诚地为其福利着想,能用更好的手段有效治疗疾病。尤其在外科方面,几乎全部是传教医生的领地,外科手术常常能很快打动本地人,其优越性毋庸置疑。(20)
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1701135091 对照本地文献,应当承认医务传教士在医疗实践中已经逐步建立起专业优势,并引起了本地人的关注与兴趣。清季由潮汕地方开明人士创办的颇有影响的《岭东日报》就多次登载这方面的消息。其中一篇标题就是《刀法神奇》,文章详细叙述了福音医院为一婴儿实施肛门手术的全过程。(21)从文章的标题和内容可见作者持非常明显的欣赏态度。不仅外科领域如此,即便是在中医传统优势的内科领域,传教医生也开始施展其精湛的医术。上述该报还以《西医神效》为题,在叙述了一医学传教士治愈某肝病患者的过程后,指出:
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1701135093 自西医入中国,凡治外疡,奏刀砉然,踌躇满志。论者多谓其偏精外科,乌知疗治内症,审辨脏腑,对病下药,复应手奏效如是耶!世有欲访西医者,幸勿震华佗之妙手,而忽扁鹊之精心也。(22)
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1701135095 这段议论清晰地表明,通过传教医生之实践,西医在本地已开始取得人们的高度认同,而在这种认同中本地医生的地位受到威胁。这种专业上的优势使得传教士在某些地方事务中开始取得某种话语权。1903年惠潮嘉道台褚成朴出示晓谕府城各属清理街道沟渠,讲求卫生。《岭东日报》在讨论该谕令时,特别提到,“某医院教士某君常言,以显微镜遍照郡垣街道,视微细瘟虫多有积至二尺余厚者,盖卫生之道不讲,平日蓄积污秽之物充塞熏蒸,以种成此恶果也”。(23)府城只有一座教会医院,这里的“某医院教士”指的当是高似兰。
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1701135097 教会医院在技术上的优势很快为其赢得了大量的病人,无论是留医人数还是门诊人数都迅速增长。这里以汕头福音医院为例,参见下表:
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1701135099 汕头福音医院收治病人一览表(1873—1927)
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1701135104 1 William Gauld,Sketch of the Swatow Medical Mission,in The Chinese Recorder,Vol.VII(1876),p.37.
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1701135106 2 William Gauld,Report of the Medical Missionary Hospital at Swatow,For 1866,Hongkong:Printed by De Souza & Co.,1867,pp.1-3.
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1701135108 3 William Gauld,“The Medical Missions at Swatow”,The Chinese Recorder,1868,p.74.
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1701135110 4 William Gauld,Report of the Medical Missionary Hospital at Swatow,For 1868-1869,Hongkong:Printed by De Souza & Co.,1870,pp.1-7.
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1701135112 5 Ernst.H.Scott,“A Review of the Swatow Mission Hospitals:Past,Present and Future”(1931),No.728,H-10,PCEFM ARCHIVES MF.
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1701135114 6 William Gauld,Report of the Medical Missionary Hospital at Swatow,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,Hongkong:Printed by De Souza & Co.,1878,p.4.
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1701135116 7 William Gauld,Report of the Medical Missionary Hospital at Swatow,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1880,Hongkong:Printed by De Souza & Co.,1881,p.1.
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1701135118 8 Alexander Lyall,Report of the Medical Missionary Hospital at Swatow,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1882,Swatow:Printed by Kwai Fung,1883,p.2.
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1701135120 9 Alexander Lyall,Report of the Mission Hospital at Swatow,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1890,Swatow:Printed by Kwai Fung,p.1.
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1701135125 1 Alexander Lyall,Report of the Mission Hospital at Swatow,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1891,Swatow:Printed by Kwai Fung,p.2.
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1701135127 2 Alexander Lyall,Report of the Mission Hospital at Swatow,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1892 and 1893,Swatow:Printed by Kwai Fung,p.1.
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1701135129 3 Swatow Hospital.November 1,1910 to October 31,1911,No.638,H-10,Presbyterian Church of England,Foreign Mission’s Committee in Missionary Archives on Asia,East Asia 1847-1950(London,S.O.A.S.,1986.Leiden:IDC,1987)(以下简写为PCEFM ARCHIVES MF)。
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1701135131 4 G.Ducan Whyte,Report of the Swatow Mission Hospital,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1914,Swatow:Printed by Kwai Fung,1915,p.1.
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1701135133 5 Alexander Lyall,Report of the Swatow Mission Hospita,in Connection with the Presbyterian Church of England,for 1916,Swatow:Printed by Kwai Fung,1917,pp.3-4.
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