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英文疑难详解 40.when 的七种用法
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“他没有告诉我他什么时候回来。”译成英文 He has not told me when he will be back.为什么不对?请说明 when 的用法。
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【解答】这句英文的错误,关键在 when 一字,因为作“疑问副词”用的 when 是不能与 perfect tense 连用的,我们不能说 When have you come back?只能说 When did you come back?同样的理由,质问中的句子,应作
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He didn’t tell me when he would be back.才对。这是完全指的过去,与现在无关,所以不能用现在完成时态,因为这种时态是与现在有关系的。
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英文的 when 一字,虽也可以用作名词(如 He told me the when and the why of it.)或代名词(如 Since when has he been ill?),但主要是用作疑问副词( Interrogative Adverb)及关系副词( Relative Adverb)。疑问副词作“何时”(at what time)解,而关系副词就作“当时”(at the moment)解,疑问副词说时要强调,关系副词不要强调。一般用疑问副词的子句为名词子句,用关系副词的子句为副词或形容词子句。把关系副词前的先行词略去,那个关系副词就变成疑问副词了,如:
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I don’t know the exact time when he will arrive.(关系副词)
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I don’t know when he will arrive.(疑问副词)
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将第一句中的先行词 the exact time 去掉,这个形容词子句 when he will arrive,就变成 know 的宾语,即名词子句了,所以关系副词的 when 也就变成疑问副词的 when 了。
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疑问副词的用法是最简单的,例如:
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When shall we go?(我们何时去?)
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I don’t know when it was.(我不知那在何时。)
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有人把它看作连词的关系副词的用法,就复杂得多了。我现在想分为七项举例说明如下:
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(1)当……之时(at the moment):
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He didn’t tell me when he went out.(当他出外时他未告诉我。)
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(2)正当(and just then):
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We were about to start,when it began to rain.(正当我们出门时,天下起雨来了。)
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(3)每当(whenever):
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It is cold when it snows.(每当下雪,天气很冷。)
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(4)当……之后(after the time that):
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He will go when he has finished his dinner.(他吃过晚饭后就去。)
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(5)虽则(although):
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We have only three books when we need five.(我们仅仅只有三本书,虽则我们需要五本。)
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(6)只要(if):
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You shall have it when you say,“please”.(只要你说一句“请给我”,你就可以拿去。)
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(7)想到(considering):
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