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英文疑难详解 72.speak,say,tell 等字的意义及用法
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英文中作“说话”解的字极多,最普通的 speak,say,tell 三字,意义及用法上有些什么不同?
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【解答】英文作“说话”解的字眼确是很多,有 speak,say,tell,talk,state,remark,relate,narrate,recount,converse,gossip,chat,chatter 等,但最常用的还是头上的三个字,现在我们应该把这三字的用法,仔细地检讨一番。
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Speak:
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此字的意思只是发出话语的声音,不管内容是什么,小孩子牙牙学语,说些什么谁也听不懂,我们就说:
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A child begins to speak the moment it opens its lips to utter any acknowledged sound.(小孩子刚会张嘴叫出声音时,他就开始牙牙学语了。)
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A dumb man cannot speak.(哑巴不能说话。)
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We speak languages.(我们说各种语言。)
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Don’t speak nonsense!(不要胡说!)
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To speak the truth, I don’t like it.(老实说,我不喜欢这个。)
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He did not speak at the meeting.(开会时,他未发言。)
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Say:
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用语言传达思想感情时就说 say,所以是有内容的,是有意义的。小孩子初期只能 speak,要到相当大的时候才能 say.在直接或间接引用句前后,普通都用 say,如:
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He said,“ I will go.”
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I won’t come,said William.
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与间接宾语同用时在 say 后要再加一个“to”字,如:
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He said something to me.
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不可把 say 用在作宾语或补语的不定词上,即不可说 They say him to be mad.但可以说成被动: He is said to be mad.(= It is said that he is mad.)祷告及功课说 say,如 to say prayers,to say one’s lesson.美国话中 say 有特殊的用法:
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The teacher says (=tells us)to come early.(老师要学生早点到校。)
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Tell:
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传言,告诉用 tell,不明说出所 speak 的事来,便不能用 tell,即不说 as I spoke to you yesterday,而要说 as I told you yesterday.说真话说假话都用 tell,即 to tell the truth 或 to tell a lie(不能说 to speak a lie)。说故事是 tell a story.报时间是 tell the time.看相算命卜未来也说 tell fortunes(算命的人为 fortune-teller)。现在我们不妨把以上三字作一比较:
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He tells everybody that a councilman often gets up to speak and says nothing.(他对大家说,议员常站起来说话而不知所云。)
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You say something,and you tell somebody something.(你说点什么,你对人说点什么。)
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She said the movie was good.(她说那电影好。)
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She told me the movie was good.(她告诉我那电影好。)
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