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战争艺术史 注释
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第一篇 古罗马人与日耳曼人的冲突
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1 早期日耳曼民族
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1.According to Caesar（6.21），the Germans did not marry before their twentieth year; it could not have been much later, however, that they went about establishing a family, since otherwise they would not have been able to maintain their strict custom with respect to chastity. Consequently, in a community of 100 families we must subtract from the 100 heads of families as warriors the aged, invalids, sick, and accidentally crippled, while the quite young men of fourteen to twenty fill the ranks, more or less balancing off the total.
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2.The estimate of a Germanic village at a strength of some 750 souls has recently received a noteworthy corroboration in the area of prehistoric research. In Albert Kiekebusch’s dissertation “The Influence of Roman Culture on the Germanic as Reflected in the Burial Mounds of the Lower Rhine”（“Der Einfluss der römischen Kultur auf die german ische im Spiegel der Hügelgraber des Niederrheins”），Berlin，1908，on the basis of the graves of Darzau the size of the community that buried its urns here is reckoned at a minimum of 800 souls. This is opposed, it is true, by Kaufmann in Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie（1908），p.456.
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3.Cf Braune, Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 22：212.
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4.Paulus Diaconus 2.9：“nisi ei quas ipse eligere voluisset Langobardorum faras, hoc est generations vel lineas, tribueret. Factumque est, et annuente sibi rege quas obtaverat Langobardorum praecipuas prosapias, ut cum eo habitarent, accepit.”（“… unless he granted to him those farae [that is, races or familial lines] of the Langobards he had wanted to select. And so it happened. With the king’s assent he received his wish that the distinguished families of the Langobards which he had chosen should reside with him.”）
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5.Caesar’s claim（Bell. Gall.6.22）that among the Germans the most powerful man possessed no more than any other is not to be taken literally but is, rather, a rhetorical exaggeration of the impression that the account of the agrarian communism necessarily made on the Roman listener. Princes who had a retinue that they fed and provided with expensive weapons must have had significant means and men like Ariovistus or Arminius and his brother Flavus, who appeared in Rome as eminent men, are unthinkable without a certain wealth. For all that, however, in the eyes of a prominent Roman they still appeared not much different from a common German. The agrarian communism gave the latter such a great economic support that Caesar could no doubt be permitted to write this rhetorical embellishment without our being justified or obligated to interpret it strictly and base further conclusions on it.
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6.Tacitus, Ann.13.54.
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2 日耳曼战士
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1.Tacitus, Germania 6.
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2.Tacitus, Annals 2.45. Mauritius, G.A.，167. Agathias, Bonn. A.，p.81.cit, Müllenhoff, pp.180-181.
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3.Müllenhoff, Germania, p.179.
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4.The passage reads（taken from Scheffer, p.269）：“In battles they make the front of their line even and closely packed, and they render their mounted forces or infantry violent and uncontrollable, thinking that only these of all traits keep them from every deed of cowardice.”* Müllenhoff, in Germania, p.179，has interpreted that in the completely opposite way, as a phalanx front. In my first edition of this volume andagain in the first edition of Vol. III, p.286，I agreed with him, but now I believe that I have found the correct interpretation. Cf. the passage from Leo’s Tactics, in Vol. III, Book III, Chap.2. At Leo’s time, whatever it might have been（cf. Vol. III, Book II, Chap.7），the Germanic square mass no longer existed. His description was only taken over from Mauricius.
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5.Tacitus, Germania 3. Historia 2.22：4.18. Ammianus，16.12：31.7. Eduard Norden, in The Early Germanic History in Tacitus Germania（Die germanische Urgeschichte in Tacitus’Germania）（1920），p.125，sees somewhat too much significance in the “Shield song，” in my opinion.
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6.Plutarch, in Marius 25，describing the battle formation of the Cimbri, tells us that it was just as deep as it was wide, and it may be that this serves as the basis for the concept of the German square mass. But since it is also said that this square mass was 30 stadia（about 3½miles）deep and wide and the entire account is also riddled with fables in otherplaces, its validity as evidence is slight.
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7.The description in Dio Cassius 38.49.50 is purely rhetorical and has no historical worth.
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8.According to Kiekebusch in The Influence of Roman Cultureon the Germanic as Reflected in the Burial Mounds of the Lower Rhine（Der Einfluss der römischen Kultur auf die germanische im Spiegel der Hügelgräber des Niederrheins），p.64（see p.36 n.2 above），that applies only to the Rhenish Germans. According to him, the Elbe Germans, judging from the grave finds, were rich in iron and generally superior to the Rhenish Germans in their culture.
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9.An excellent work is the broad-based study that appeared in 1916 from the Kossinnas Mannus Library, The Armament of the Germans in the Older Iron Age, from About 700 B.C. to 200 A.D.（Die Bewaffnung der Germanen in der älteren Eisenzeit etwa von 700 v. Chr.bis 200 n. Chr.），by Martin Jahn（Würzburg, Curt Kabitzsch）. In order to determine their possible influence on the Germanic weapons system, the author extends his study to cover those of the Celts and the Romans. According to the grave finds, the shields were so light and thin that they could hardly have withstood a powerful thrust of the lance or blow of the sword. For that purpose, however, they had a metal projection which in its extreme form extended into a rod more than 12 centimeters long. This can hardly be interpreted in any other way than that the Germans not only used the shield for passive parrying.like the Romans but also brandished it actively and sought not so much to stop the enemy thrusts and slashes but to ward them off, and therefore fought simultaneously with both arms. In this connection, see below. Book III, Chapter 1，the excursus concerning the Herulians. According to information given to me by Jahn in a letter, the battle-ax played hardly any role before 200 A.D.，judging from grave finds. It is more often found from the third and fourth centuries on, especially in the graves of the Lusatian region, which at that time was inhabited by the Burgundians.
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10.They are collected in the publication Catalogue of the Castings … with German Depictions（Verzeichnis der Abgüsse … mit Germanen-Darstellungen），by K. Schumacher，2d ed.，Mainz，1910.
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11.Martin Jahn, Bewaffnung der Germanen, pp.87，216.
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3 古罗马降服日耳曼
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1.Florus 4.12.
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2.Ritterling（Bonner Jahrbücher，1906）would substitute here, instead of the Yssel, the Vecht River, which branches off farther away from the Rhine. This difference has no significance for our purposes.
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3.Velleius 2.106.
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