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7 条顿骑士团征服普鲁士
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1.The best comprehensive account is that of Karl Lohmeyer, Geschichte von Ost-und Westpreussen，1st Section，2d ed.，1881. The work of A.L. Ewald, The Conquest of Prussia by the Germans（Die Eroberung Preussens durch die Deutschen），four volumes，1882-1886，is based on a variety of sources. The second great rebellion by the Prussians is treated thoroughly and well by Köhler in the second volume of his Development of Military Organization and Conduct of War in the Knightly Period（Entwickelung des Kriegswesens und der Kriegführung in der Ritterzeit）.
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2.Whether the remark, from Dusburg or the chronicle of Oliva, that the order numbered 600 lay members in 1239 is reliable cannot be determined.
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8 英格兰箭术与爱德华一世征服威尔士和苏格兰
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1.Slingers, fundibularii, are mentioned in Continuatio Reginonis（Continuation of Regino）for the year 962. Casus Sancti Galli Continuatio（Continuation of the Chronicle of St. Gall），158.
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2.See Jähns, History of the Development of Ancient Offensive Weapons（Entwickelungsgeschichte der alten Trutzwaffen），p.333 ff.
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3.In Jaffé，Regesta pontificum Romanorum（Register of the Roman Popes），p.585，the decision（No.29）reads as follows: “artem ballistariorum et sagittariorum adversus Christianos et catholicos exerceri sub anathemate prohibent.”（“They prohibited, on pain of damnation, the skill of crossbowmen and archers to be exercised against Christians and Catholics.”）On the basis of this Regesta, we find it stated quite often（for example, in Demmin, Military Weapons [Kriegswaffen]，2d ed.，p.100，and also Waitz，8：190）that the council had forbidden the use of the crossbow among Christians as too deadly a weapon. Since the sagittarii（archers）are mentioned in a line with the ballistarii（crossbowmen），that cannot possibly have been the intent of the council. In Mansi, Tome 21，p.534，the decision reads as follows: “Artem autem illam mortiferam et Deo odibilem ballistariorum et sagittariorum adversus Christianos et catholicos exerceri de caetero sub anathemate prohibemus.”（“We prohibit, however, on pain of damnation, that deadly skill of crossbowmen and archers, odious to God, to be practiced by another against Christians and Catholics.”）Hefele, Concil. Geschichte, Vol.V，2d ed.，p.442，interprets this as referring to a kind of tournament of competitive shooting at persons. San Marte, p.188，claims that it refers to poisoned arrows and bolts. I prefer Hefele’s interpretation.
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4.Guillemus Brito, Gesta Philippi regis（William the Briton, Deeds of Philip the King），Book II：
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Francigenis nostris illis ignota diebus
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Res erat omnino, quid Balestarius arcus
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Quid Balista foret.
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（In those days, what a Balestarius bow was
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And what a Balista was
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Were completely unknown to our Frenchmen.）
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Has volo, non alia Ricardum morte perire
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Ut qui Francigenis ballistae primitus usum
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Tradidit, ipse suam rem primitus experiatur
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Quamque alios docuit im se vim sentiat artis.
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（I wish that Richard, who first related
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The use of the crossbow to Frenchmen，
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Die by no other death，
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And he should feel the force against himself
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Which he taught to others.）
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5.Köchly and Rüstow, Greek Military Authors（Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller），2：2：37，201.（See Vol.II, p.346.）
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6.The Welsh Wars of Edward I, A Contribution to Medieval Military History based on Original Documents, by John E. Morris, M.A.，formerly of Magdalen College, Oxford. With a map.Oxford at the Clarendon Press，1901.
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