1700080340
1700080341
7.Morris, p.34.
1700080342
1700080343
8.Morris, p.18.
1700080344
1700080345
9.Oman, p.558.
1700080346
1700080347
10.Morris, p.88.
1700080348
1700080349
11.Morris, p.74.
1700080350
1700080351
12.Morris, p.37.
1700080352
1700080353
13.Morris, p.95.
1700080354
1700080355
14.Morris, p.105.
1700080356
1700080357
15.Morris, p.115.
1700080358
1700080359
16.Morris, p.178.
1700080360
1700080361
17.Morris, p.155.
1700080362
1700080363
18.Morris, p.87.
1700080364
1700080365
19.Edward I also had a military retinue which received pay and rations as follows: bannerets，4 shillings per day; knights，2 shillings; sergeants（servientes, valetti, scutiferi），1 shilling.
1700080366
1700080367
In 1277 the number of knights amounted to some forty; later there were undoubtedly more. The sergeants numbered about sixty in 1277，but that was probably only a part of the group. Horses and weapons were provided for them. Each man had to maintain two soldiers and three horses. Quite a number of them were crossbowmen. In peacetime they formed small units as castle garrisons; in wartime their number was greatly increased.
1700080368
1700080369
20.Oman, p.558，is of the opinion that the longbow, which from the time of Edward I replaced the short bow in normal use, also surpassed the crossbow in penetrating power. Presumably, then, a great technical stride forward had been made with the introduction of the longbow. I cannot agree with this viewpoint. If it were correct, the continuing use of the crossbow into the sixteenth century would be incomprehensible.
1700080370
1700080371
George, too, in Battles of English History, p. 51 ff.，devoted himself to a thorough study of the remarkable phenomenon of the bow and its overpowering effectiveness. He, too, sees the longbow as a decisive factor. According to him, it was invented in South Wales. The earlier periods had known only the short bow.
1700080372
1700080373
George finds the advantages of the longbow and of the manner in which it was used in England in three factors. First, it was held vertically and not horizontally like the short bow, and it could therefore be pulled back much farther; second, in doing so, one could give the longbow greater tension; and third, the marksmen could aim better along the arrow that was thus pulled farther back. While the range of an arrow’s trajectory was 400 yards, the normal range in practice, according to George, was a furlong（one-eighth of an English mile, or approximately 200 yards）.
1700080374
1700080375
Why Richard the Lion-Hearted, in spite of these advantages, preferred the crossbow, and why the longbow actually remained peculiar to the English, appears to George to be a “mystery.”
1700080376
1700080377
21.The Welsh Wars of Edward I, pp.79，82，313.
1700080378
1700080379
9 战例介绍
1700080380
1700080381
1.“Studies on the Military History of England in the Twelfth Century”（“Studien zur Kriegsgeschichte Englands im 12. Jahrhundert”），by J. Douglas Drummond. Berlin dissertation，1905.
1700080382
1700080383
2.According to Drummond.
1700080384
1700080385
3.Aelredi Abbatis Rievallensis（Aelred, abbot of Rievaulx），Historia de bello Standardii（History of the Battle of the Standard），p.338.“strenuissimi milites in prima fronte locati lancearios et sagittarios ita sibi inseruerunt ut, militaribus armis protecti … Scutis scuta junguntur”（“The most vigorous knights placed on the front line, so inserted spearmen and archers that, protected by the arms of the knights … shields were joined to shields”）.
1700080386
1700080387
4.According to Drummond.
1700080388
1700080389
5.Radulf, Gesta Tancredi（Deeds of Tancred），Chap.22.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70008034e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]