1700080440

1700080441 5.There are available quite exhaustive writings on this subject: Mojean, City Military Arrangements in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries（Städtische Kriegseinrichtungen im XIV.und XV. Jahrhundert），Program of the Gymnasium of Stralsund，1876. Von der Nahmer, The Military Organizations of the German Cities in the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century（Die Wehrverfassungen der deutschen Städte in der 2. Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts），Marburg dissertation，1888. Mendheim, The Mercenary System of the Free Cities, especially Nuremberg（Das reichsstädtische, besonders Nürnberger, Söldnerwesen），Leipzig dissertation，1889. Baltzer, From the History of the Danzig Military System（Aus der Geschichte des Danziger Kriegswesens），Program of the Danzig Gymnasium，1893.G. Liebe, The Military System of the City of Erfurt（Das Kriegswesen der Stadt Erfurt），1896.P. Sander, The Municipal Economy of Nuremberg（Die reichsstädtische Haushaltung Nürnbergs），1902，in which the second section of Part II treats the military organization in detail.

1700080442

1700080443 6.Froissart, Tome IV, p.270：“… that he no longer wished to wage war with men other than nobles and that it was a complete loss and a hindrance to lead into battle the men from the communities, for in the hand-to-hand combat those men melt like snow in the sun. This had happened at the battle of Crécy, at Blanquetagne, at Caen, and in every place where these men had been led. And so he did not want to have any more of them except the crossbowmen from the fortified cities and the good towns. As to their gold and their silver, he wanted much of both to pay the expenses and the compensation of the nobles, but that was all. The common men had only to stay at home to protect their wives and children, carry on their business and their trade, and that should be sufficient for them. It was up to the nobles alone to practice the profession of arms that they had learned and in which they had been trained since childhood.”（Extracted from Luce’s citation in Bertran du Guesclin，1：156）.

1700080444

1700080445 “What do we want with help from these shopkeepers?”Jean de Beaumont reportedly said in 1415，when the city of Paris offered reinforcements. Religieux de St. Denys, Book 35，Chap.5.

1700080446

1700080447 And Monstrelet writes in his chronicle: “The masses of the communes, even though they may be very numerous, can hardly offer resistance against a number of nobles accustomed to battle and proven in the profession of arms.”

1700080448

1700080449 7.Michelet, Histoire de France，3：299.

1700080450

1700080451 8.Guillaume, History of the Military Organization Under the Dukes of Burgundy（Histoire de lorganisation militaire sous les dues de Bourgogne），Mém.cour.de l’Académie Beige，22（1848）：94.

1700080452

1700080453 3　下马骑士与射手

1700080454

1700080455 1.The standard monograph on the battle of Crécy is the Berlin dissertation by Richard Czeppan, published by Georg Nauck in 1906. The other accounts by Rüstow, Jähns, Pauli, Köhler, and Oman vary remarkably from one another, depending on the extent to which they follow one source or another. But Czeppan may well have definitively clarified and decided all the significant questions. Several convincing observations on the effect of the bow and arrow are to be found in Köhler, Vol.III, foreword, p.xxxvi. Forerunners of the battle of Crécy are discussed by Tout, English Historical Review，19（1904）：711.

1700080456

1700080457 2.In a review of the book by Wrottesley, Crécy and Calais, which contains the source passages in question（English Historical Review，14 [1899]：767），Morris calls attention to the fact that the 32，000 men had been together only a very short time when King Philip threatened the English with his relief battle. Morris estimates that at Crécy Edward had 4，000 mounted men（knights and soldiers）and 10，000 archers.

1700080458

1700080459 3.“Ut sui videntes eum peditem, non relinquerent, sed cum eo tam equites quam pedites ad bellum animarentur.”（“So that his own men, seeing him on foot, might not desert, but horsemen as well as the foot soldiers might be inspired with him for battle.”）Gislebert, SS.，21. 519.

1700080460

1700080461 4.In the Hussite war, the foot soldiers once refused to attack, saying: “If we are hard pressed, you ride away, while all of us have to stay.”The knights had to dismount and fight on foot. According to Johann von Guben, p.64，cited by Wulf in The Hussite Wagon Barricade（Die hussitische Wagenburg），p.37.

1700080462

1700080463 5.See above, p.411，the formation of the English under Richard the Lion-Hearted at Jaffa in 1192.

1700080464

1700080465 6.Comines says concerning the battle of Montl’héry（ed.de Mandrot，1：31）:“The most important thing in the world for battles is the archers, but let them number in the thousands, for they are worth nothing in small numbers, and let them be men with poor mounts, so that they will have no regrets in losing their horses, or let them have no mounts at all.”

1700080466

1700080467 7.Both these battles are discussed excellently by Oman, History of the Art of War, p.581 ff. Dupplin is described on the basis of a study by Morris, English Historical Review，1897.Halidon Hill is thoroughly described in Tytler, History of Scotland，2：32 and 454，on the basis of a presumably ancient manuscript, whose credibility, however, is not proven.

1700080468

1700080469 8.Berlin dissertation，1908.

1700080470

1700080471 9.Berlin dissertation，1907.

1700080472

1700080473 10.The Englishman Walsingham believes the French had 140，000 men.

1700080474

1700080475 11.That is specifically attested to by Saint Rémy, who was present at the battle.

1700080476

1700080477 12.That is the opinion of Luce, for example, in Bertrand du Guesclin, I：147.

1700080478

1700080479 13.In the engagement at Termonde，1452. Olivier de la Marche, I Chap.25.

1700080480

1700080481 14.Monstrelet, II, Chap.108.

1700080482

1700080483 15.Luce, Bertrand du Guesclin et son époque, p.169. The knights vowed “that they would never flee in battle more than 4 arpents by their estimate, but they would rather die or have themselves taken prisoner.”

1700080484

1700080485 16.A certain survey of the decisive battles is provided by M.de la Chauvelays in Dismounted Combat of the Cavalry in the Middle Ages（Le combat à pied de la cavallerie au moyen-âge），Paris，1885. To be sure, the author is very uncritical, and the individual facts are in no way reliable.M.T. Lachauvelay, Guerres des Francais et des Anglais du Xlième au XVième siècle，1875，seems to be the same author, despite the different spelling of the name.

1700080486

1700080487 17.For example, Thwrocz, chronica Hungarorum（Chronicles of the Hungarians），reports erroneously that the French knights at Nikopol in 1396 attacked on foot.

1700080488

1700080489 4　奥斯曼土耳其

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