1700096360

1700096361 44.Before Ascalon，12 August 1099. Albert of Aachen，6.42，as cited in Röhricht, History of the First Crusade（Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges），p.200，Note 8.

1700096362

1700096363 45.Richer of Sens, M.G. SS.，25.294.

1700096364

1700096365 46.Orderich，12.18：“ferro enim undique vestiti erant et pro timore Dei notitiaque contubernii vicissim sibi parcebant nec tamen occidere fugientes quam comprehendere satagebant.”（“for they had been dressed completely in iron and mutually spared each other according to fear of God and acknowledgment of their brotherhood in arms; they did not endeavor so much to kill those in flight as to capture them.”）

1700096366

1700096367 Giraldus, Opera，5. 396：“ibi capiuntur milites, hie decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hie perimuntur.”（“There knights are captured, here decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.”）

1700096368

1700096369 47.See p.221，Note 3，above.

1700096370

1700096371 48.The provisions of the Teutonic order, which followed the pattern of the Knights Templars, state in the “Customs，”Chap.46（Perlbach, p.111），that on the march the knight was to have his squire ride in front of him so that he could keep a close watch on his armor.

1700096372

1700096373 49.The provision in the Teutonic order was quite similar（Perlbach, p.117）:“Nullus frater insultum faciat, nisi prius vexillum viderit insilisse. Post insultum vexilli quilibet pro viribus corporis et animi, quidquid poterit exercebit et redibit ad vexillum, cum viderit oportunum.”（“No brother should make an attack, unless he will have seen the banner charge first. After the attack of the banner each will employ whatever he can according to the strength of his body and spirit, and he will return to the banner when he will have seen it opportune.”）

1700096374

1700096375 50.Meckel, Tactics，1：50.

1700096376

1700096377 51.“The weakest moment for the cavalry is immediately after carrying out an attack. This pause cannot be eliminated fast enough, and order, calm, and a closed formation cannot be restored quickly enough, in order that a unit be in a position to face any eventuality.”Instructions by Major General Carl von Schmidt, Berlin，1876，p.152.

1700096378

1700096379 52.I cannot remember reading in any medieval source anything about signals in battle. The Knights Templars gave signals in camp with a bell. According to Gautier（Prutz, p.27），before the battle of Athareb, Prince Roger ordered that at the first trumpet call everybody was to don his equipment（“audito primo sonitu gracilis”—that was a kind of trumpet），at the second trumpet call they were to assemble, and at the third they were to appear for service of worship. Afterwards, as they went into battle（p.29），the Christians moved forward “gracilibus, tibiis, tubisque clangentibus”（“while the trumpets, pipes, and horns were sounding”）. Duke John of Brabant, too, ordered before the battle of Worringen that the trumpets should blow to signal the manner in which they should attack or fight, in order to encourage his men. The “ministrere” stopped their blowing when they saw the ducal banner sink but started blowing the trumpets again when it was raised once more（Ian von Heelu, verses 5668，5694，pp.211-212）. From this passage, Köhler（3：2：340）concluded that this was a normal custom and that the trumpeters were near the banner in order to indicate where it was, even if it was obscured by dust. This conclusion goes too far in every respect. Ducange quotes from the Vita St. Pandulfi，n.15: “illam tubam, quam ad significandum proelium tubare significavi”（“that horn which I gave the sign to blow to indicate battle”）.

1700096380

1700096381 53.In his work on the conduct of battle of occidental armies in the period of the First Crusade, Heermann determined（p.103）that all the battlefields in that area whose terrain forms are recognizable（Dorylaeum, Lake of Antioch, Antioch, Ascalon, Ramleh（1101），Joppe, Ramleh（1105），Sarmin, Merdj-Sefer, Athareb, and Hab）are plains and that in all the source accounts there is hardly a trace of terrain difficulties or battles in towns or woods.

1700096382

1700096383 Emperor Leo, Tactics，18. 92，says that broken terrain was disadvantageous for the Franks in mounted combat, because they normally made a strong shock action with their lances. Of course, this strong blow is not to be understood in the modern sense.

1700096384

1700096385 54.This comes into consideration particularly against mounted archers, and therefore in the Crusades. Heermann（p.103）traces this back to the tactics of the Moslems, who, with their great numerical superiority, always tried to envelop the Christians. This great superiority of the infidels is to be dismissed as a Christian fable; the reason is to be sought, rather, in their differing armament.

1700096386

1700096387 55.Heermann says in his introduction that we can get to know the knightly method of warfare best and most accurately from the early period of the Crusades. In the later Crusades, the occidentals possibly had borrowed from the orientals, whereas they must have won their first victories with their original tactics. Furthermore, we also have broader source accounts of those events, accounts that are much more meager for events in the west. As logical as this idea may seem, it is nevertheless not correct. The peculiar new conditions of combat were present right from the beginning, at Dorylaeum, and the Crusaders had to try to adapt to them.

1700096388

1700096389 3　雇佣兵

1700096390

1700096391 1.Petrus Damiani, Vita Romualdi（The Life of Romualdus），SS.，4.848（written ca.1040）.

1700096392

1700096393 2.Richer, IV, Chap.82:“exercitum tam de suis, quam conducticiis congregabat.”（“He assembled an army from his own men as well as from hirelings.”）

1700096394

1700096395 3.Hermannus Contractus, SS.，V, for the year 1053.

1700096396

1700096397 4.Waitz，8：238，402，411.

1700096398

1700096399 5.Annales Hildesheimses（Annals of Hildesheim），SS.，3-110.

1700096400

1700096401 6.Mikulla，“The Mercenaries in the Armies of Emperor Frederick II”（“The Mercenaries in the Armies of Emperor Frederick II”（“Die Söldner in den Heeren Kaiser Friedrichs II.”Berlin dissertation，1885，P.5.

1700096402

1700096403 Ducange questions whether instead of “triaverdini” we should not read “triamellini，” a word supposedly derived from the name of a certain type of dagger.

1700096404

1700096405 7.Peschel，“On the Variations of Relative Values Between the Precious Metals and Other Commercial Goods”（“Ueber die Schwankungen der Wertrelationen zwischen den edlen Metallen und den übrigen Handelsgütern”），Deutsche Vierteljahresschrift，4（1853）：1.

1700096406

1700096407 Soetbeer，“Contributions to the History of the Monetary and Minting System in Germany”（“Beiträge zur Geschichte des Geld-und Münzwesens in Deutschland”），Forschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte, Vols. I to VI and 57th Supplementary Volume to Petermanns Mitteilungen，1879.

1700096408

1700096409 Lexis, article “Gold” and article “Silver” in the Dictionary of Political Science（Handwórterbuch der Staatswissenschaft）.

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