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Tradidit, ipse suam rem primitus experiatur
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Quamque alios docuit im se vim sentiat artis.
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（I wish that Richard, who first related
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The use of the crossbow to Frenchmen，
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Die by no other death，
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And he should feel the force against himself
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Which he taught to others.）
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5.Köchly and Rüstow, Greek Military Authors（Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller），2：2：37，201.（See Vol.II, p.346.）
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6.The Welsh Wars of Edward I, A Contribution to Medieval Military History based on Original Documents, by John E. Morris, M.A.，formerly of Magdalen College, Oxford. With a map.Oxford at the Clarendon Press，1901.
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7.Morris, p.34.
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8.Morris, p.18.
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9.Oman, p.558.
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10.Morris, p.88.
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11.Morris, p.74.
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12.Morris, p.37.
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13.Morris, p.95.
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14.Morris, p.105.
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15.Morris, p.115.
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16.Morris, p.178.
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17.Morris, p.155.
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18.Morris, p.87.
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19.Edward I also had a military retinue which received pay and rations as follows: bannerets，4 shillings per day; knights，2 shillings; sergeants（servientes, valetti, scutiferi），1 shilling.
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In 1277 the number of knights amounted to some forty; later there were undoubtedly more. The sergeants numbered about sixty in 1277，but that was probably only a part of the group. Horses and weapons were provided for them. Each man had to maintain two soldiers and three horses. Quite a number of them were crossbowmen. In peacetime they formed small units as castle garrisons; in wartime their number was greatly increased.
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20.Oman, p.558，is of the opinion that the longbow, which from the time of Edward I replaced the short bow in normal use, also surpassed the crossbow in penetrating power. Presumably, then, a great technical stride forward had been made with the introduction of the longbow. I cannot agree with this viewpoint. If it were correct, the continuing use of the crossbow into the sixteenth century would be incomprehensible.
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George, too, in Battles of English History, p. 51 ff.，devoted himself to a thorough study of the remarkable phenomenon of the bow and its overpowering effectiveness. He, too, sees the longbow as a decisive factor. According to him, it was invented in South Wales. The earlier periods had known only the short bow.
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