1700096960
1700096961
2.The valuable description of the terrain is to be found in Köhler, Warfare of the Knightly Period（Kriegswesen der Ritterzeit），2：717.
1700096962
1700096963
3.Kujot and Krollmann arrived at other conclusions on a number of points. Nevertheless, I have in general stood by my earlier account.
1700096964
1700096965
4.There is probably injected into this description an account of French knights from the battle of Nikopol, which took place fourteen years earlier. There were no Hungarians at Tannenberg.
1700096966
1700096967
第五篇 瑞士人
1700096968
1700096969
1 瑞士地方共同体的形成
1700096970
1700096971
1.That is the opinion of Oechsli, in The Beginnings of the Swiss Confederation（Die Anfänge der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft），p.121.
1700096972
1700096973
2.Oechsli, p.230. Durrer, The Unity of Unterwalden（Die Einheit Unterwaldens）Jahrbücher fur Schweizerische Geschichte，1910，p.96，confirms Oechsli’s assumption.
1700096974
1700096975
3.In 1252 the abbot of Saint Gall took them into his service in a feud with the bishop of Constance. Oechsli, p.229.
1700096976
1700096977
4.One of the captured monks composed a very interesting culturalhistorical poem in Latin on this subject. An old German translation of this poem with explanatory remarks has been edited by Leo Wirth, A Prelude to the Battle on the Morgarten（Ein Vorspiel der Morgartenschlacht），Aarau，1909.114 pages.
1700096978
1700096979
2 莫尔加滕会战
1700096980
1700096981
1.A.Nüscheler, in “The Letzinen in Switzerland”（“Die Letzinen in der Schweiz”），Mitteilungen der antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich, Vol.18，Issue No.1，Zurich，1872.With respect to Näfels, see Dändliker, Geschichte der Schweiz，1：531，note.
1700096982
1700096983
2.This is expressly reported by Vitoduran.
1700096984
1700096985
3.Morgarten is the mountain east of the lake. Schorno is 1，100 meters south of the lake, and Sattel is somewhat farther south, where the road from Schorno meets the road from Altmatt.
1700096986
1700096987
4.One might ask why the Schwyzers later（1322）extended the letzi near Schorno, since its absence had, after all, done them the good service in 1315 of attracting the duke onto the dangerous route. The answer may be that they could in no case count on surprising the enemy a second time at the same place and therefore preferred to protect the land here also.
1700096988
1700096989
5.The fact that Vitoduran gives a strength of 20，000 men is, of course, meaningless.
1700096990
1700096991
6.Werner Stauffacher had led the Schwyzers in January 1314 in the raid on Einsiedeln and appears again in sources after the battle at the head of his country. Oechsli, p.352.
1700096992
1700096993
7.As we have already seen above, Oechsli estimates the population of Schwyz at that time at some 18，000. Even if it should have been a few thousand smaller, we must still assume that in the most extreme danger even the last available man was called up. We surely cannot go below a figure of 3，000. In addition, there were also the men of Arth, those of Uri, and perhaps also men of Unterwalden. But we must make a small deduction for the garrison of the letzi of Arth and perhaps also of Brunnen, to defend against an attack by water.
1700096994
1700096995
The numerical superiority of the confederates in the actual battle was even greater because part of the Hapsburg troops, for example, the Winterthur contingent, were still on the way.
1700096996
1700096997
8.In later accounts, the advance guard is designated as the “banished ones”（“Verbannten”），and this has given rise to the most varied interpretations. Nevertheless, this is simply a question of a misunderstood word. The misunderstanding is clarified by H. Herzog in the Schweizerische Monatshefte für Offiziere aller Waffen，1906.
1700096998
1700096999
9.All available accounts have been printed one after the other by Thomas von Liebenau in the Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins des Kantons Schwyz, Issue No.3，1884.
1700097000
1700097001
Of value in this analysis are the notes Dändliker added in the fourth edition of his Geschichte der Schweiz, after he changed his earlier account in favor of the Bürkli concept（p.700）.
1700097002
1700097003
Bürkli followed up his first work, The Creation of the Swiss Confederation and the Battle on the Morgarten（Die Entstehung der Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft und die Schlacht am Morgarten），1891，with a second treatment under the title “A Monument on the Morgarten”（“Ein Denkmal am Morgarten”），in the Zuger Neujahrsblatt für das Jahr 1895（published by W.Anderwert）. This article is also accompanied by a good special map.
1700097004
1700097005
3 劳彭会战
1700097006
1700097007
1.It is an unproven supposition that Austria stood behind the alliance against Bern. If the House of Hapsburg had really wanted to defeat Bern at that time, it would have acted very foolishly by keeping itself in reserve instead of immediately sending so many forces to join the allies that the victory would be assured. I mention this only so that it will not be concluded possibly from the presumed secret alliance of Austria with the enemies of Bern, that the forest cantons, too, because they were also enemies of Austria, would have had an interest in the war.
1700097008
1700097009
In 1383 Uri and Unterwalden received 4，445 pounds from Bern for military assistance given in the Kyburg war.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70009696e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]