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I Vinothkumar, K. R.; Zhu, Jiapeng; Hirst J.(2014). Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I.Nature, 515(7525)
:80–84. II关于nodal基因，参见：Meno, C.; Shimono, A.; Saijoh, Y.; Yashiro, K.;et al.(1998). Lefty-1 is required for left-right deter mination as a regulator of lefty-2 and nodal.Cell, 94(3): 287–297。关于pitx2基因，参见：Yoshioka, H.; Meno, C.; Koshiba,K.; et al.(1998). Pitx2, a bicoid-type homeobox gene, is involved in a lefty-signaling pathway in determination of left-right asymmetry.Cell, 94(3): 299–305。
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III Wagner, M. K.; Yost, H. J.(2000). Left–right development: The roles of nodal cilia.Current biology, 10(4): R149-51.
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IV 关于海螺的左右轴向与nodal基因，参见：Grande, C.; Patel, N. H.(2009). Nodal signalling is involved in left-right asymmetry in snails.Nature, 457(7232)
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关于刺猬索尼克因子与手指发育，参见：Tickle, C.; Towers, M.(2017). Sonic hedgehog signaling in limb development.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 5
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关于复合物I，参见：Vinothkumar, K. R.; Zhu, Jiapeng; Hirst J.(2014). Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I.Nature, 515(7525)
:80–84。
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关于第一篇“延伸阅读”，参见：尤永隆、林丹军、张彦定主编：《发育生物学》，科学出版社，2011年；Ransky,B.(1982).Review of medical embryology. NY: Macmillan。
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关于第二篇“延伸阅读”，参见：杨荣武：《生物化学原理》，高等教育出版社，2006年；Nelson, D. L.(2017).Lehningerprinciples of biochemistry(7th Edition). W. H. Freeman。
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第七章
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I Thermophilic bacteria，美国黄石国家公园官方网站，https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/thermophilic-bacteria.htm。
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II Zeikus, J. G.; Ben-Bassat, A.; Hegge, P. W.(1980). Microbiology of methanogenesis in thermal, volcanic environments.Journal of bacteriology, 143(1)
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III Fernández-Remolar, D. C.; Morris, R. V.; Gruener, J. E.; et al.(2005). The Río Tinto Basin, Spain: Mineralogy, sedimentary geobiology, and implications for interpretation of outcrop rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars.Earth and planetary science letters, 240 (1): 149–167.
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IV Sanz J. L.; Rodríguez, N.; Diaz, E.; et al.(2011). Methanogenesis in the sediments of Rio Tinto, an extreme acidic river.Environmental microbiology, 13(8)
:2336-41; Harmsen, H. J.; Van Kuijk, B. L.; Plugge, C. M.; et al.(1998). Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans sp. nov., a syntrophic propionate-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium.International journal of systematic bacteriology, 48 Pt 4(4)
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V Borowitzka, L. J.; Kessly, D. S.; Brown, A. D.(1977). The salt relations of Dunaliella.Archives of microbiology. 113(1–2): 131–138；Stryer, L.(1995).Biochemistry(4th ed.). New York - Basingstoke: W. H. Freeman and Company.
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VI http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/.
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VII Zuckerkandl, E.; Pauling, L.(1965). Molecules as documents of evolutionary history.Journal of Theoretical Biology, 8(2): 357–366.
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VIII Woese, C. R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. L.(1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Ar chaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(12): 4576–4579.
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IX Archibald, J. M.（2008）. The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells.Proceedings of the national academy ofsciences, 105(51): 20049–20050.
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X Leipe, D. D.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E. V.(1999). Did DNA replication evolve twice independently?Nucleic acids research, 27(17): 3389-3401.
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XI Koonin, E. V.; Martin, W.(2005). On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments.Trends in genetics, 21(12): 647-654.
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XII zhou, Qi; Jarvis, E.D.; Mirarab, S.; et al.(2014). Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds.Science. 346(6215): 1320–1331.
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XIII Margulis, L.(1981).Symbiosis in cell evolution. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
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XIV Gould, S.B.; Maier, Uwe-G; Martin, W. F.(2015). Protein import and the origin of red complex plastids.Current biology,25(12)
:R515-R521；McFadden, G. I.; van Dooren, G. G.(2004). Evolution: red algal genome afirms a common origin of all plastids.Current biology, 14(13): R514-6；Gould, S. B.; Waller, R. F.; McFadden, G. I.(2008). Plastid evolution.Annual reviewof plant biology, 59(1): 491–517.
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XV Keeling, P. J.(2004). Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts.American journal of botany, 91(10)
:1481-1493.
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XVI Okamoto, N.; Inouye, Isao.(2005). A secondary symbiosis in progress?.Science. 310(5746): 287.
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