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50. Kessler, The End of Overeating.
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52. M. Lutter and E. J. Nestler, “Homeostatic and Hedonic Signals Interact in the Regulation of Food Intake,” Journal of Nutrition 139 (2009): 629–632, quote from 629. See also J. A. Corsica and M. L. Pelchat, “Food Addiction: True or False?” Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 26 (2010): 165–169; M. L. Pelchat, “Food Addiction in Humans,” Journal of Nutrition 139 (2009): 620–622.
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53. P. Rozin, “Psychobiological Perspectives on Food Preferences and Avoidances,” in Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits, ed. M. Harris and E. B. Ross, 181–205 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); M. Lafourcade et al., “Nutritional Omega- 3 Defi ciency Abolishes Endocannabinoid- Mediated Neuronal Functions,” Nature Neuroscience 14 (2011): 345–350.
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54. M. J. Morris, E. S. Na, and A. K. Johnson, “Salt Craving.”
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56. G. J. Wang et al., “Brain Dopamine and Obesity,” Lancet 357 (2001): 354–357.
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57. J. A. Mennella et al., “Sweet Preferences and Analgesia during Childhood: Effects of Family History of Alcoholism and Depression,“Addiction 105 (2010): 666–677.
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58. E. Stice et al., “Relation of Reward from Food Intake and Anticipated Food Intake to Obesity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 (2008): 924–935.
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60. Some substances that we think of as drugs may be consumed in a food- like manner, thus confl ating hedonic drug and food mechanisms. See R. J. Sullivan and E. H. Hagen, “Psychotropic Substance- Seeking: Evolutionary Pathology or Adaptation?” Addiction 97 (2002): 389–400.
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61. M. R. Lowe and M. L. Butryn, “Hedonic Hunger: A New Dimension of Appetite?” Physiology and Behavior 91 (2007): 432–439.
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62. Ibid., 438.
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63. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
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64. J. J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls.
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67. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
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68. C. M. Bulik et al., “Twin Studies of Eating Disorders: A Review,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 27 (2000): 1–20.
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69. S. Bordo, “Anorexia Nervosa: Psychopathology as the Crystallization of Culture,” in Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. C. Counihan and P. van Esterik, 2nd ed., 162–186 (New York: Routledge, 2008 [1996]), 170.
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