1700624884
1700624885
[23] Ira Katznelson, Fear Itself, The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York: Liveright, 2013)
1700624886
1700624887
[24] Sue Blevins, Medicare’s Midlife Crisis (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2001), p.46.
1700624888
1700624889
[25] Ibid.
1700624890
1700624891
[26] D. B. Smith, “Civil Rights and Medicare, Historical Convergence and Continuing Legacy,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p.35.
1700624892
1700624893
[27] Ibid.
1700624894
1700624895
[28] Nathaniel Wesley, Black Hospitals in America: History, Contributions, and Demise (Tallahassee, Fla., NRW Associates Publications, 2010).
1700624896
1700624897
[29] Cited in Rick Mayes, “The Origins, Development, and Passage of Medicare’s Revolutionary Prospective Payment System,” Journal of the History of Medicine 62, Jan. 2007, p.25.
1700624898
1700624899
[30] Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p.172.
1700624900
1700624901
[31] Ibid.
1700624902
1700624903
[32] Ibid., p.173.
1700624904
1700624905
[33] Ibid.
1700624906
1700624907
[34] Ibid., p.174.
1700624908
1700624909
[35] Ibid., p.175.
1700624910
1700624911
[36] American Medical Association, “History of the RBRVS,” http://www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billinginsurance/medicare/the-resource-based-relative-value-scale/history-of-rbrvs.page. Accessed October 9, 2019.
1700624912
1700624913
[37] Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p.178.
1700624914
1700624915
[38] Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p.179.
1700624916
1700624917
[39] Kaiser Family Foundation, “10 Essential Facts About Medicare’s Financial Outlook,” Feb. 2, 2017, http://kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/10-essential-facts-about-medicares-financial-outlook/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
1700624918
1700624919
[40] Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p.182.
1700624920
1700624921
1700624922
1700624923
1700624925
外科的诞生：从文艺复兴到移植手术革命 第十三章设备许可
1700624926
1700624927
我两天前才到伦敦，现在还在倒时差以适应格林尼治标准时间。从公寓约的出租车很快就到了尤斯顿车站，我乘上从伦敦开往曼彻斯特的高铁，两个小时就可以到达曼彻斯特的皮卡迪利车站，这条线路也是欧洲最繁忙的铁路线之一。在曼彻斯特转乘奔宁特快来到威根镇，我叫了一辆出租车，穿过兰开夏郡的乡村风光，来到小城莱廷顿（Wrightington）。车窗外是大片的英格兰农场，灌木丛生的树篱和苍老的古树穿插在波涛起伏般的田野间。
1700624928
1700624929
莱廷顿的田园风光丝毫无法使人们联想到世界一流医学，但坐落在小城郊外的一家医院吸引我来到这里。出租车转过路口的环岛，莱廷顿医院便近在眼前。医院主楼是一座奶油色的石制建筑，原本是莱廷顿大礼堂（Wrightington Hall，重建于1748年），庄严肃穆的建筑风格十分符合曾经的显赫地位。其余的建筑都有一两层高，与主楼不同，由红砖建成。我的出租车司机是一位来自巴基斯坦的老先生，瘦高个儿，到站停车后，他告诉我：“您知道吗？他们说这家医院在历史上非常重要，是发明关节置换手术的地方。”
1700624930
1700624931
我一边掏出钱夹付钱一边说：“是的。所以我才到这里来，来看看发生这一切的地方，来向约翰·查恩雷爵士（Sir John Charnley）致敬。”
1700624932
1700624933
一座十分古老的石墙立于碎石铺设的停车场一侧，另一侧坐落着一栋20世纪60年代的单层建筑，即著名的髋关节外科中心。成百上千名拜访过这一圣地的外科医生曾站在门口，与查恩雷或其他使这里名扬天下的外科医生合影留念。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.700624884e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]