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(陈江华 田炯)
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内科学新进展 第三节 慢性肾功能衰竭的肾脏替代治疗
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摘 要 肾脏替代治疗是慢性肾功能衰竭患者维持生命的重要方法,包括血液净化(血液透析和腹膜透析)和肾脏移植两大类。经多年的发展,血液净化技术在生理性、充分性方面有了长足的进步,透析并发症大大减少。肾脏移植方面,免疫抑制剂的合理应用和术后长期随访显著提高了移植肾的存活率。然而,仍有很多问题影响的患者的长期生存,寻找更接近生理状态的肾脏替代治疗方法,提高生活质量是今后发展的方向。
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Abstract Renal replacement is an important therapy for survival of the chronic renal failure patients, including blood purification(blood dialysis and peritoneal dialysis)and kidney transplant. After years of development, blood purification technology has made substantial progress in physiological and sufficient dialysis. Complications reduced significantly. Rational application of immunosuppressive agents and long-term follow-up after kidney transplantation significantly increased the survival rate. But there are still many issues affect the long-term survival of chronic renal failure patients. Then looking for a more physiological state of renal replacement therapy, and improving the quality of life are the aims for future development.
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肾脏替代治疗包括血液净化和肾脏移植,作为慢性肾功能衰竭患者不可或缺的治疗手段,肾脏替代技术已成功挽救了了众多尿毒症及其他危重病人的生命,并使部分病人得到长期存活。但是目前的技术水平下血液净化技术均不能完全替代肾脏的功能,依靠血液净化技术生存的患者长期生存率和生活质量还远达不到理想。而肾脏移植尽管是一种真正能完全替代肾脏功能的治疗技术,患者的长期生存率和生活质量也明显高于前者,但是由于供体短缺,只有少部分患者有条件接受肾脏移植,而接受了肾脏移植的患者也存在不同程度的排异与抗排异治疗的风险。近年来,随着肾脏替代治疗领域基础和临床科研工作的深入,慢性肾衰患者的长期存活率和生存质量不断提高。
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一、血液净化技术在治疗慢性肾衰竭中的应用及发展
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血液净化是指应用物理、化学或免疫等方法清除体内过多水分及血液中代谢废物、毒物、自身抗体、免疫复合物等致病物质,同时补充人体所需的电解质和碱基,以维持机体水、电解质、酸碱平衡。血液净化技术主要包括血液透析和腹膜透析两大方面。
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(一)血液透析
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1.血液透析的历史与发展方向
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1913年Abel Rowntree和Turner首先建成并命名了“人工肾脏(artificial kidney)”装置,对兔进行了体外循环治疗,开创了血液透析的先河。20世纪中期血液透析逐步在临床推广,主要用于急性肾功能衰竭的抢救。1960年动静脉外瘘技术的出现避免了反复血管穿刺,使得长期透析成为可能。1966年美国的Brescia及其同事建成的动静脉内瘘,解决了外瘘易出血、感染、凝血的问题,成为慢性透析患者首选的血管通路。透析设备和血管通路的飞速发展也促进了血液透析的推广。血液透析作为一种常规治疗手段已非常普及和成熟,目前全球估计120万慢性肾衰竭患者依赖其维持生命。单纯依赖血液透析治疗的患者最长存活时间也已超过30年。
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生理性透析是血液透析治疗过程中所追求的目标,与提高长期存活率有重要的关系,其不仅要考虑到血液透析材料、透析用水的生物相容性,也要考虑到血液透析过程中毒素和水分清除的生理性。早期的长期维持血液透析病人,往往只进行每周2~3次,每次4~5h的普通透析,其非生理性是显而易见的。近年来透析治疗中的新技术发展很快:连续血容量监测(BVM)、血温度监测(BTM)、实时Kt/V测量、可调钠透析等都为预见性的调整透析方案,为“无症状透析”概念的提出提供了可能。但要达到生理透析还任重道远。
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2.血液透析设备的改进
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