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(李兰娟 吴仲文)
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内科学新进展 第五节 若干耐药致病菌感染近况及抗菌药物治疗的选择
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摘 要 随着临床上应用的抗菌药物日益增多,耐药性问题已引起全球的关注,现将近日研究有关若干主要致病菌耐药概况(包括发生率、耐药机制等)及其感染,抗菌药物治疗的选择等方面作重点阐述。10种常见致病菌感染包括:①耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌/凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRSA/MRCNS),并对其耐药机制及对万古霉素耐药(VISA/VRSA)作了重点介绍。②耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PISP/PRSP)。③肠球菌感染,并对其耐糖肽类抗生素的机制及治疗作了重点介绍。④肺炎克雷伯菌感染,并对其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)作了重点介绍。⑤铜绿假单胞菌感染,并对其耐药机制中的外膜蛋白(Opr)D2的缺失及主动外排系统作了介绍。⑥阴沟肠杆菌感染,并对其产AmpC酶作了介绍。⑦嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染,该菌能水解碳青烯类抗生素而呈多重耐药。⑧鲍曼不动杆菌感染,并对其产 OXA型碳青霉烯酶耐药机制作了介绍。⑨嗜肺军团菌感染,重点对其引起肺炎临床特征作了介绍。⑩李斯特菌感染。
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Abstract The present situation on the infection of antibiotic resistance of some pathogenic bacteria and selection of treatment with antibiotic drugs In the wake of the spread application of antimicrobial agents on the clinical fields, an increasing incidence of the baterial resistance is a worldwide problem. This article is the present situation on the resistance profile of some pathogenic bacteria, it contain the explain briefly about the incidence and mechanism of antibiotic resistance, and its infection with selection of treatment of antibiotic drugs. The infections of 10 common antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria are expounded: ①Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)and coagulase-negative staphylococcus(MRCNS)infections, and some strains of MRSA and MRCNS are found the resistance to vacomycin(VISA/VRSA). ②Penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae(PRSP/PISP)infections. ③Enterococcus infections, and few strains of E. faecium are found resistance to vancomycin or teicoplanin. ④Klebsiella infections, and some strains of K. pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs). ⑤Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, and its mechanism of antibiotic resistance about the outer membrane protein(Opr)D2 and active efflux system(MexAB). ⑥Enterobacter cloacae infections, and some strains of E. cloacae producing AmpCβ-lactamases. ⑦Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections, most strains of S. maltophilia are resistant to multiple drugs. ⑧Acinetobacter baumannii infections, and the producing OXA genotype of carbapenemase. ⑨Legionnaire’s disease, pneumonia is the predominant clinical manifestation of this disease caused by Legionella pneumophilia. ⑩Listeriosis, caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
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值此新世纪到来之际,人类在感染领域中仍面临着各种难题和巨大挑战,其中主要的问题是细菌耐药性问题日益严重,例如在革兰阳性球菌中出现耐甲氧西林或苯唑西林葡萄球菌(MRSA或 ORSA、MRCNS或 ORCNS)、耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)和耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)等;在革兰阴性杆菌中有高产AmpC酶或产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的肠杆菌科细菌。针对上述耐药致病菌的出现,人类也不断地研制和开发出各种新的抗菌药物,20世纪90年代就有24种新上市的抗生素,合成抗菌药物也有10种以上。现将近日研究有关若干主要致病菌耐药概况及其感染,抗菌药物治疗的选择等方面综述如下,供大家参考。
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一、2006年国内主要致病菌耐药概况
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随着临床上应用的抗菌药物日益增多,耐药性问题已引起全球的关注。细菌耐药的机制主要通过染色体DNA的突变、质粒的介导(转化、转导、接合、转座或易位),表现为:①灭活酶或钝化酶的产生,如β-内酰胺酶、氯霉素乙酰转移酶、红霉素酯化酶及氨基糖苷类钝化酶(乙酰转移酶、磷酸转移酶及核苷转移酶);②抗生素的渗透障碍,如细胞壁、膜的通透性的改变,外膜孔蛋白(Opr)缺陷;③抗生素的泵出系统(主动外排),由膜蛋白介导的能量依赖性泵出系统增强,如内膜转运系统载体蛋白(Mex)、外膜通道蛋白(Opr)及周质辅助蛋白(AcrA)等,因而,出现多耐药系统(MDR); ④靶位蛋白的改变,使抗菌药不能与之结合而导致耐药;⑤其他,如代谢拮抗剂的产生,细菌休眠状态及菌膜的形成(藻酸盐多糖和蛋白复合物黏连形成膜状物),阻止巨噬细胞吞噬和抗体、药物的作用。
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目前β-内酰胺类抗生素(青霉素和头孢霉素)广泛、大量的应用,使致病菌产生了耐药,其中β-内酰胺类抗生素水解失活的酶—β-内酰胺酶是常见致病菌耐药的主要原因,β-内酰胺酶的种类和数量迅速增加,现已超过400多种。了解这种酶的分类、特性等分子生物学方面的进展,对指导临床合理使用抗生素有帮助。目前β-内酰胺酶的分类主要有两种方法,即Bush-M-J功能分类法和Ambler分子分类法(依据酶的氨基酸序列的保守性和相似性分类),两者相关性见表9-4。
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表9-4 β-内酰胺酶Bush-M-J功能分类法和Ambler分子分类法
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近几年来国内各地多家单位开展了细菌耐药的监测,报道结果有较大的差异。就以上海地区2006年常见若干致病菌耐药情况与列年比较,逐年在上升,必须引起重视,更应注意抗菌药物合理应用和防止滥用(见表9-5)。
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表9-5 国内2006年主要致病菌耐药情况(上海)
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