打字猴:1.70064918e+09
1700649180
1700649181 在AZT的专利到期前,2002年霍维茨加入了一项针对葛兰素史克公司(前身是宝来威康公司)的诉讼,以争取AZT的专利权。关于AZT开发的详细信息,可参阅艾滋病健康基金会在加州中区联邦法院对葛兰素史克公司的诉讼文件(Western Division,Case No. 02-5223 TJH Ex)。
1700649182
1700649183 布罗德尔谈论美国国家癌症研究所如何制造新药时,提及“治疗虚无主义的解毒剂”,此专访收录于:“In their own words,NIH researchers recall the early years of AIDS,” http://history.nih.gov/nihinownwords/index.html.
1700649184
1700649185 “完美是优秀的敌人”,翻译自法国伏尔泰的诗:《惧性者》(La Bégueule )。
1700649186
1700649187 7 辨识出全球大流行的疫病
1700649188
1700649189 何大一的背景信息引自个人访谈。
1700649190
1700649191 关于一种未知疾病(稍晚鉴定为HIV)病例的首次报告中,5位有过同性性行为的男子,在经洛杉矶3家医院的活检采样后,确认罹患肺孢子菌肺炎。“Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 30(1981).
1700649192
1700649193 更多关于天花的详细信息,详见:Smallpox:The Death of a Disease:The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer by D. A. Henderson and Richard Preston(Prometheus,2009).
1700649194
1700649195 何大一的论文:“Time to hit HIV,early and hard,” New England Journal of Medicine 333(1995),在HIV群体中产生了重大影响,并启发了耶森对哈恩的治疗。
1700649196
1700649197 何大一关于鸡尾酒疗法的研究被评选为封面故事:“The End of AIDS?” Newsweek (December 1,1996).
1700649198
1700649199 同性恋相关免疫缺陷,此为媒体所创造的词语。此词既不准确,又有侵犯人权之虞,毕竟同性性行为与该疾病并无直接关联。1982年,美国疾控中心首创了后天免疫缺陷一词,也就是AIDS。整件事的细节详见:“What to call the AIDS virus?” Nature 321(1986).
1700649200
1700649201 关于人类白细胞抗原及其在免疫系统中所扮演的角色,详见:Immunobiology ,5th edition,The Immune System in Health and Disease ,by Charles A Janeway Jr,Paul Travers,Mark Walport,and Mark J Shlomchik(Garland,2001).
1700649202
1700649203 沃克的个人经历援引自个人访谈。
1700649204
1700649205 沃克的第一篇论文为:“HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals,” Nature 328(1987).
1700649206
1700649207 8 来自百分之一
1700649208
1700649209 1993年国际艾滋病大会的附注可参见:“We are all Berliners:notes from the Ninth International Conference on AIDS,” American Journal of Public Health 83(1993).
1700649210
1700649211 关于细胞及其在免疫系统中扮演的角色,可参见一篇相当卓越的回顾:“CD4 T cells:fates,functions,and faults,” Blood 112(2008).
1700649212
1700649213 对“协和”临床试验的评判,详见:“After Concorde,” British Medical Journal 306(1993).
1700649214
1700649215 “罗氏制药付你们多少钱?”是玛格丽特·费舍尔所言,撷取自:“Once We Were Warriors:Activist Corpses Borne in Protest,Furtive Legislative Coups and the Devastation That Was Berlin,” Treatment Action Group (2002).该篇文章也陈述了1993年国际艾滋病大会乃为“最让人沮丧的艾滋病会议”。
1700649216
1700649217 1993年于柏林举办的第九届国际艾滋病大会的摘要与数据,可在艾滋教育全球信息系统网站中查询(http://www.aegis.org/DisaplayConf/directory.aspx?Conf=The%20International%20 AIDS%20Society-IAS)。
1700649218
1700649219 沙奎那韦首度由罗氏制药发表:“Antiviral properties of Ro 31-8959,an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)proteinase,” Antiviral Research 16(1991).
1700649220
1700649221 关于罗氏制药开发沙奎那韦的细节,详见:Ethics and the Business of Bioscience by Margaret L. Eaton(Stanford University Press,2004).
1700649222
1700649223 默克集团早期公布的(不正确的)蛋白结构,刊载于:“Three-dimensional structure of aspartyl protease from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1,” Nature 337(1989).
1700649224
1700649225 关于鸡尾酒疗法的效率,详见:“Long term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death:A prospective cohort study,” Lancet 366(2005).
1700649226
1700649227 有两篇论文指出鸡尾酒疗法可减少60%~80%的死亡:“A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less,” New England Journal of Medicine 337(1997),and “Treatment with indinavir,zidovudine,and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy,” New England Journal of Medicine 337(1997).
1700649228
1700649229 9 但是,医生,我不觉得自己生病了
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