打字猴:1.70064923e+09
1700649230
1700649231 圣克莱医院中HIV阳性患者的相关描述,来自笔者的观察。
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1700649233 关于哪个时间点进行抗病毒治疗才正确的争辩,详见:“When to start antiretroviral therapy—ready when you are?” New England Journal of Medicine 360(2009).
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1700649235 HIV的感染起始为一种单一的“创始病毒”所引发,此发现震惊了整个医学界。部分人士相信此创始病毒的特性,将导向新型疫苗的开发。此事首度刊载于:“Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(2008).
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1700649237 T细胞如何被HIV感染,并通过何种机制遭到破坏,详见:“HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells,” Nature 417(2002).
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1700649239 大部分HIV在肠道中进行复制,详见:“Getting to the guts of HIV pathogenesis,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 200(2004).
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1700649241 大量研究都已在肠道及其他黏膜组织中检测出淋巴细胞的密集网络,例如:“Overview of the mucosal immune system,” Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 146(1989).
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1700649243 关于黏膜中的淋巴细胞在H IV感染上的重要性的讨论,详见:“HIV pathogenesis:the first cut is the deepest,” Nature Immunology 6(2005).
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1700649245 让人惊讶的是,不管是通过黏膜路径(直肠或阴道)感染,还是通过静脉,其细胞的减少趋势相同。详见:“Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection,” Science 280(1998).
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1700649247 许多论文已指出感染后,肠道内的T淋巴细胞的破坏。早期发表的其中一篇:“Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy,” Journal of Virology 77(2003).
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1700649249 首篇探讨CCR5在病毒进入人体上的重要性,详见:“Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1,” Nature 381(1996).
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1700649251 HIV的包膜蛋白如何与人体细胞进行融合,详见:“The HIV Env-mediated fusion reaction,” Biomembranes 1614(2003).
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1700649253 每个人血液中的细胞数量变化相当大,计算其变化范围才会使数据有意义。此变化的平均数主要关乎性别和年龄,详见:“Laboratory control values for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes:implications for HIV-1 diagnosis,” Clinical Experimental Immunology 88(1992).
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1700649255 HIV每天约能复制出100亿个单体,详见:“HIV-1 dynamics in vivo:Virion Clearance Rate,Infected Cell Life-Span,and Viral Generation Time,” Science 271(1996).
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1700649257 HIV可通过直接或间接机制,引发细胞的大量死亡。关于细胞死亡的机制,详见:Cell Death during HIV Infection ,edited by Andrew D. Badley(CRC Press,2006).
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1700649259 停止抗病毒疗程将导致病毒的突变与抗药性的产生,详见:“Basic science kinetics of HIV-1 RNA and resistance-associated mutations after cessation of antiretroviral combination therapy,” AIDS 15(2001).
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1700649261 10 Delta32突变
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1700649263 首篇探讨由于缺乏CCR5因而对HIV的感染产生抵抗性的论文:“Homozygous defect in HIV-1 co-receptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection,” Cell 86(1996).
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1700649265 大部分具有Delta32(Δ32)的个体仍能过着健康的生活,但有少数研究指出缺乏CCR5基因的个体为感染西尼罗病毒的高风险群体。这些研究结果彼此并不一致。我们尚无法确定CCR5的缺失将引发的各种结果。其余研究则指出,Delta32突变对于部分疾病可提供保护,例如脑型疟疾等。各方面研究可参见:“CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 203(2006);“CCR5 deficiency is a risk factor for early clinical manifestations of West Nile virus infection but not for viral transmission,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 201(2010);“Role of chemokines polymorphisms in diseases,” Immunology Letters 145(2012).
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1700649267 绝大多数感染性病毒都会通过CCR5受体进入细胞,详见何大一的论文:“Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection,” Science 261(1993).
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1700649269 不论是通过性行为,还是静脉注射,或母体至胎儿等途径,病毒都是通过CCR5进行传染的:“Macrophage-tropic variants initiate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection after sexual,parenteral,and vertical transmission,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 94(1994).
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1700649271 CCR5的Delta32突变,在西欧人中相当常见,相关报告参见:“Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene,” Nature 382(1996);“The geographic spread of the CCR5 Delta32 HIV-resistance allele,” PLoS Biology 3(2005).
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1700649273 许特尔在医学院图书馆中所读到的,同时也是第一篇描述Delta32突变与HIV之关联的论文:“Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene,” Nature 6593(1996).
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1700649275 11 呼叫所有非凡控制者
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1700649277 A Song in the Night:A Memoir of Resilience by Bob Massie(Doubleday,2012).
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1700649279 布鲁斯·沃克与鲍勃·马西之间的关联,以及前者对于这些非凡控制者世代的研究进程,其细节来自个人访谈。其他细节以及“我那时一定大声地惊叹了一声”这句话,摘录自:“Secrets of the HIV controllers,” Scientific American 307(2012).
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