打字猴:1.70064941e+09
1700649410
1700649411 ACTG 5025试验也被称为“A study of the safety and effectiveness of hydroxyurea in patients on potent antiretroviral therapy and who have less than 200 copies/ml of HIV RNA in their blood”。研究人员的详细资料、给药情况以及招募的患者数量等细节情况,与美国所有的临床试验一样,都可以从clinicaltrials.gov中找到。
1700649412
1700649413 关于ACTG 5025试验的逸闻,详见:“Pancreatitis Deaths Shut Down ACTG 5025,” HIV Plus Magazine (February/March 2000).
1700649414
1700649415 利西耶维兹与洛里在羟基脲的应用及其临床试验上的特殊观点,详见于他们合著的一篇回顾:“Hydroxyurea in the treatment of HIV infection:clinical efficacy and safety concerns,” Drug Safety 26(2003).
1700649416
1700649417 针对羟基脲的上市调查与ACTG 5025试验的谎报,美国食品药品管理局于1999年10月27日寄送了一封警告信给百时美施贵宝。此信收录于美国食品药品管理局官方网站,网址:http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/UCM166219.pdf.
1700649418
1700649419 霍维茨发现d4T的论文:“Nucleosides. X. The action of sodium ethoxide on 3’-0-tosyl-2’-deoxyadenosine,” Tetrahedron Letters 7(13)(1966).
1700649420
1700649421 关于d4T的历史与耶鲁大学的关联,详见:“Yale Pressed to Help Cut Drug Costs in Africa,” New York Times (March 12,2001).
1700649422
1700649423 关于给予d4T后患者神经病变的发病率的讨论,详见:“Human immunodeficiency virus-neuropathy with special reference to distal sensory polyneuropathy and toxic neuropathies,” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1(2008).
1700649424
1700649425 “我不确定今天提出的建议有多好。”此句引述自卡顿的话,收录于:“F.D.A. Panel Recommends AIDS Drug Despite Incomplete Data,” New York Times (May 21,1994).
1700649426
1700649427 关于沃克最初使用疗程中断的结果似乎很有希望的报告:“Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection,” Nature 407(2000).
1700649428
1700649429 “该策略仍需要测试,停停走走的游戏可能导致产生抗药性,即使目前看起来野生毒株好像还在。”此句引述自福奇的谈话,摘录于:“Absence Makes the HAART Grow Fonder,” The Body (February 1999).
1700649430
1700649431 逆转录病毒疗法的策略性管理(SMART)改变了早先对于疗程中断的普遍意见,详见:“CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment:the strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy(SMART)study group,” New England Journal of Medicine 355(2006).
1700649432
1700649433 洛里与利西耶维兹关于羟基脲的研究结果,详见:“Lowering the dose of hydroxyurea minimizes toxicity and maximizes anti-HIV potency,” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 21(2005).
1700649434
1700649435 22 原理展示
1700649436
1700649437 “我认为这是自从发现病毒以来我听过的最令人振奋的事情。我不相信大家竟然没注意到这件事。”引述自劳伦斯的谈话,收录于:“The Man Who Had HIV and Now Does Not,” New York Magazine (May 29,2011).
1700649438
1700649439 许特尔于2008年加入波士顿智库一事,收录于罗伊娜·约翰斯顿与劳伦斯的合著:“amFAR Think Tanks:A Blueprint for Action Against HIV/AIDS,” amFAR,The Foundation for AIDS Research Newsletter (September 16,2008).
1700649440
1700649441 关于扎亚对HIV的三重复合攻击,详见:“Safety and efficacy of a lentiviral vector containing hree anti-HIV genes—CCR5 ribozyme,tatrev siRNA,and TAR decoy—in SCID-hu mouse-derived T cells,” Molecular Therapy 15(2007).
1700649442
1700649443 扎亚在希望之城以基因疗法对付患者身上的艾滋病和淋巴瘤一事,刊载于:“RNA-based therapy for HIV with lentiviral vector-modified CD34(+)cells in patients undergoing transplantation for AIDS-related lymphoma,” Science Translational Medicine 2(2010).
1700649444
1700649445 23 法庭上的好医生
1700649446
1700649447 直到1991年的德国,美沙酮仍只有在患者处于极为特定的条件下(包含AIDS)才会被列入处方。许多家庭医生则回避了这项规范,将这种药开给了药物成瘾患者。德国惩罚了这些医生,吊销了许多执照。1992年,麻醉品法(《麻醉药品法》,Betäubungsmittelgesetz)让美沙酮合法化。但是,要开此药仍须特殊执照。在德国历史上关于美沙酮的漫长辩论,详见:“Substitution treatment for opiod addicts in Germany,” Harm Reduction Journal 4(2007).
1700649448
1700649449 24 一点也不令人惊讶
1700649450
1700649451 第4届治疗期间艾滋病毒持续性国际研讨会的摘要与会议记录,其中包含加洛的开场白与许特尔的演讲内容。该内容载于全球抗病毒期刊网站:http://www.ihlpress.com/gaj_persistence2009.html.
1700649452
1700649453 关于福奇针对柏林病人所提出的考虑,援引自个人访谈。
1700649454
1700649455 “这很好,而且一点也不令人惊讶,但就现实层面来说实在不可能。”引述自福奇的谈话,摘录:“Rare Treatment Is Reported to Cure AIDS Patient,” New York Times (November 13,2008).
1700649456
1700649457 终身抗病毒疗程的平均花费,在没有折扣的状况下是709731美元,有折扣的状况则是425440美元。详见:“Newer drugs and earlier treatment:impact on lifetime cost of care for HIV-infected adults,” AIDS 26(2012).
1700649458
1700649459 据2011年米利曼医学指数报告的数据,如布朗接受的那种骨髓移植手术,将花费805400美元,详见:http//publications.milliman.com/research/health-rr/pdfs/2011-us-organ-tissue. pdf.
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