打字猴:1.70064946e+09
1700649460
1700649461 关于替恩依的花费,详见:“Generic HIV drugs will widen US treatment net,” Nature (August 15,2012).
1700649462
1700649463 关于HIV患者与年长者的神经生理学,详见:“Pathways to neurodegeneration:effects of HIV and aging on resting-state functional connectivity,” Neurology (2013);“Where does HIV hide?A focus on the central nervous system,” Current opinion in HIV and AIDS (2013).
1700649464
1700649465 关于HIV对于神经的侵入状况,详见:“HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder:pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities,” Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 5(2010).
1700649466
1700649467 HIV阳性患者在发达国家的平均寿命近年来有跃升趋势,详见:“Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries:a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies,” Lancet 372(2008);“Potential gains in life expectancy from reducing heart disease,cancer,Alzheimer’s disease,kidney disease or HIV/AIDS as major causes of death in the USA,” Public Health (2013).
1700649468
1700649469 早期即开始进行抗病毒治疗的患者,其平均寿命的延长状况,详见:“Projected life expectancy of people with HIV according to timing of diagnosis,” AIDS 26(2012).
1700649470
1700649471 25 兑现承诺
1700649472
1700649473 《以毒攻毒》是由考夫曼执导的一部短片,由红灯出品。详见:http://focusforwardfilms.com/films/72/fire-with-fire.
1700649474
1700649475 关于费城儿童医院所进行的CART-19临床试验的更多细节,详见他们官方网站上的内容:http://www.chop.edu/service/oncology/pediatric-cancer-research/t-cell-therapy.html;http://www.chop.edu/system/galleries/download/pdfs/articles/oncology/summit-grupp -cart19.pdf.
1700649476
1700649477 关于艾米莉·怀特海德的更多故事,详见她的网站。在网站中,她母亲卡里·怀特海德已将其经验用编年方式列出(http://emilywhitehead.com),并收录于:“In Girl’s Last Hope,Altered Immune Cells Beat Leukemia,” New York Times (December 9,2012).
1700649478
1700649479 关于朱恩的背景信息,援引自个人访谈内容。
1700649480
1700649481 关于骨髓移植与冷战的信息,引自:“Atomic Medicine:the Cold War Origins of Origins of Biological Research,” History Today 59(2009).
1700649482
1700649483 所有关于莱文的背景信息,援引自个人访谈。
1700649484
1700649485 朱恩和莱文合著了一篇文章,讲述其CCR5基因疗法的操作方法:“Blocking HIV’s attack,” Scientific American 306(2012).
1700649486
1700649487 莱文和朱恩注意到的一篇关于树突状细胞的论文:“Antiviral effect and ex vivo CD4+ T cell proliferation in HIV-positive patients as a result of CD28 co-stimulation,” Science 272(1996).
1700649488
1700649489 关于兰菲尔的背景信息,援引自个人访谈。
1700649490
1700649491 关于锌指核酸酶(ZFN)的开发与应用,可进一步参见:“Zinc finger nucleases:custom-designed molecular scissors for genome engineering of plant and mammalian cells,” Nucleic Acids Research 33(2005).
1700649492
1700649493 关于SIV、HIV,可进一步参见:“Where the wild things are:pathogenesis of SIV infection in African nonhuman primate hosts” HIV\AIDS Reports 7(2010)以及“Natural SIV hosts:showing AIDS the door,” Science 335(2012).
1700649494
1700649495 关于SIV已经演化超过32000年的证据,详见:“Islander biogeography reveals the deep history of SIV,” Science 329(2010).
1700649496
1700649497 关于SIV感染,发病猴与不发病猴的模型比较,详见:“AIDS pathogenesis:a tale of two monkeys,” Journal of Medical Primatology 37(2008).
1700649498
1700649499 关于人类与黑鼠B6之间基因型的相似度,详见:“Of Mice and Men:Striking Similarities at the DNA Level Could Aid Research,” San Francisco Chronicle (December 5,2002).
1700649500
1700649501 关于小鼠和人类之间基因表现的比较,详见:“Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(Feb 2013).
1700649502
1700649503 人源化小鼠的HIV感染模型文献回顾,详见:“Humanized mouse models of HIV infection,” AIDS Reviews 13(3):135-148(2011).
1700649504
1700649505 部分研究者并不相信人源化小鼠可提供任何有价值的治疗模型。该意见详见:“The mouse is out of the bag:insights and perspectives on HIV-1-infected humanized mouse models,” Experimental Biology and Medicine 236(2011).
1700649506
1700649507 朱恩在以毒攻毒的人源化小鼠上给予锌指核酸酶的试验结果,详见:“Establishment of HIV-1 resistance in CD4+ T cells by genome editing using zinc-finger nucleases,” Nature Biotechnology 26(2008).
1700649508
1700649509 朱恩在HIV阳性志愿者中进行的CCR5 ZFN临床试验的结果,发表于:“HAART treatment interruption following adoptive transfer of zinc finger nuclease(ZFN)modified autologous CD4+ T-cells(SB-728-T)to HIV-infected subjects demonstrates durable engraftment and suppression of viral load,” Abstract #165,18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections,Boston,MA(2011);“Induction of acquired CCR5 deficiency with zinc finger nuclease-modified autologous CD4 T cells(SB-728-T)correlates with increases in CD4 count and effects on viral load in HIV-infected subjects,” Abstract #155,19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections,Seattle,WA(2012).
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