打字猴:1.7006494e+09
1700649400
1700649401 20 无法振奋人心的康复
1700649402
1700649403 德国国内生产总值(GDP)回馈至社会福利的比例与美国相比较的数据,援引自:“What the European and American welfare states have in common and where they differ:facts and fiction in comparisons of the European Social Model and the United States,” Journal of European Social Policy 20(2010).
1700649404
1700649405 2008年,逆转录病毒和机会性感染大会(CROI)上公布的抗病毒药物:新特兹(Selzentry),药名马拉维若(maraviroc),其多国多中心随机双盲临床试验(MOTIVATE)的试验结果,详见:“Efficacy and safety of maraviroc plus optimized background therapy in treatment-experienced patients infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1:48-week combined analysis of the MOTIVATE studies,” Abstract #792,15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunisitic Infections,Boston,MA(2008).
1700649406
1700649407 21 临床试验
1700649408
1700649409 沃克针对HIV急性感染期免疫反应的早期论文:“Vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses associated with control of viremia,” Science 278(1997).
1700649410
1700649411 ACTG 5025试验也被称为“A study of the safety and effectiveness of hydroxyurea in patients on potent antiretroviral therapy and who have less than 200 copies/ml of HIV RNA in their blood”。研究人员的详细资料、给药情况以及招募的患者数量等细节情况,与美国所有的临床试验一样,都可以从clinicaltrials.gov中找到。
1700649412
1700649413 关于ACTG 5025试验的逸闻,详见:“Pancreatitis Deaths Shut Down ACTG 5025,” HIV Plus Magazine (February/March 2000).
1700649414
1700649415 利西耶维兹与洛里在羟基脲的应用及其临床试验上的特殊观点,详见于他们合著的一篇回顾:“Hydroxyurea in the treatment of HIV infection:clinical efficacy and safety concerns,” Drug Safety 26(2003).
1700649416
1700649417 针对羟基脲的上市调查与ACTG 5025试验的谎报,美国食品药品管理局于1999年10月27日寄送了一封警告信给百时美施贵宝。此信收录于美国食品药品管理局官方网站,网址:http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/UCM166219.pdf.
1700649418
1700649419 霍维茨发现d4T的论文:“Nucleosides. X. The action of sodium ethoxide on 3’-0-tosyl-2’-deoxyadenosine,” Tetrahedron Letters 7(13)(1966).
1700649420
1700649421 关于d4T的历史与耶鲁大学的关联,详见:“Yale Pressed to Help Cut Drug Costs in Africa,” New York Times (March 12,2001).
1700649422
1700649423 关于给予d4T后患者神经病变的发病率的讨论,详见:“Human immunodeficiency virus-neuropathy with special reference to distal sensory polyneuropathy and toxic neuropathies,” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1(2008).
1700649424
1700649425 “我不确定今天提出的建议有多好。”此句引述自卡顿的话,收录于:“F.D.A. Panel Recommends AIDS Drug Despite Incomplete Data,” New York Times (May 21,1994).
1700649426
1700649427 关于沃克最初使用疗程中断的结果似乎很有希望的报告:“Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection,” Nature 407(2000).
1700649428
1700649429 “该策略仍需要测试,停停走走的游戏可能导致产生抗药性,即使目前看起来野生毒株好像还在。”此句引述自福奇的谈话,摘录于:“Absence Makes the HAART Grow Fonder,” The Body (February 1999).
1700649430
1700649431 逆转录病毒疗法的策略性管理(SMART)改变了早先对于疗程中断的普遍意见,详见:“CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment:the strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy(SMART)study group,” New England Journal of Medicine 355(2006).
1700649432
1700649433 洛里与利西耶维兹关于羟基脲的研究结果,详见:“Lowering the dose of hydroxyurea minimizes toxicity and maximizes anti-HIV potency,” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 21(2005).
1700649434
1700649435 22 原理展示
1700649436
1700649437 “我认为这是自从发现病毒以来我听过的最令人振奋的事情。我不相信大家竟然没注意到这件事。”引述自劳伦斯的谈话,收录于:“The Man Who Had HIV and Now Does Not,” New York Magazine (May 29,2011).
1700649438
1700649439 许特尔于2008年加入波士顿智库一事,收录于罗伊娜·约翰斯顿与劳伦斯的合著:“amFAR Think Tanks:A Blueprint for Action Against HIV/AIDS,” amFAR,The Foundation for AIDS Research Newsletter (September 16,2008).
1700649440
1700649441 关于扎亚对HIV的三重复合攻击,详见:“Safety and efficacy of a lentiviral vector containing hree anti-HIV genes—CCR5 ribozyme,tatrev siRNA,and TAR decoy—in SCID-hu mouse-derived T cells,” Molecular Therapy 15(2007).
1700649442
1700649443 扎亚在希望之城以基因疗法对付患者身上的艾滋病和淋巴瘤一事,刊载于:“RNA-based therapy for HIV with lentiviral vector-modified CD34(+)cells in patients undergoing transplantation for AIDS-related lymphoma,” Science Translational Medicine 2(2010).
1700649444
1700649445 23 法庭上的好医生
1700649446
1700649447 直到1991年的德国,美沙酮仍只有在患者处于极为特定的条件下(包含AIDS)才会被列入处方。许多家庭医生则回避了这项规范,将这种药开给了药物成瘾患者。德国惩罚了这些医生,吊销了许多执照。1992年,麻醉品法(《麻醉药品法》,Betäubungsmittelgesetz)让美沙酮合法化。但是,要开此药仍须特殊执照。在德国历史上关于美沙酮的漫长辩论,详见:“Substitution treatment for opiod addicts in Germany,” Harm Reduction Journal 4(2007).
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1700649449 24 一点也不令人惊讶
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