1700687550
23 Ferron et al.,1984.
1700687551
1700687552
24 Davis, C. et al.‘Decision-making deficits and overeating:a risk model for obesity’.Obesity Research&Clinical Practice ,12,929-35(2004);另请参阅Pignatti, R.et al.‘Decision-making in obesity:a study using the Gambling Task’.Eating and Weight Disorders ,11,126-32(2006).
1700687553
1700687554
25 Tataranni, P. A.&DelParigi, A.‘Functional neuroimaging:a new generation of human brain studies in obesity research’.Obesity Reviews ,4,229-38(2003).
1700687555
1700687556
26 Tanabe, J. et al.‘Prefrontal cortex activity is reduced in gambling and non-gam-bling substance users during decision-making’.Human Brain Mapping ,28,1276-86(2007).
1700687557
1700687558
27 Shimamura, A. P.‘Memory and the prefrontal cortex’.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ,769,151-9(1995).
1700687559
1700687560
28 Cole, M. W.et al.‘Global connectivity of prefrontal cortex predicts cognitive control and intelligence’.Journal of Neuroscience ,32,8988-99(2012).
1700687561
1700687562
29 The table is adapted from one in Greenfield, S. A.Mind Change:How Digital Technologies are Leaving Teeir Mark on Our Brains .(Random House,2014).
1700687563
1700687564
30 Rosen, L. D.et al.‘Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits’.Computers in Human Behavior ,35,364-75(2014).
1700687565
1700687566
31 来自旧金山加利福尼亚大学的迈克尔·梅泽尼希(Michael Merzenich)教授是一位经验诱发大脑可塑性方面的专家,他给出了相对应的典型的神经科学视角。他警告说:“生于数字时代的[数字原住民],他们在生活中的大脑可塑性与早年出生的普通人群相比存在着巨大的、前所未有的差异,而且毫无疑问,现代人大脑的运作特征存在本质上的差异。”诸如此类的变化以及影响下一代可能的思考和感受方式的证据不断积累,现在已经被证实:可以说,这种向网络环境的彻底转变通常会从整体上产生更敏捷的心理加工过程,而同样也会产生不恰当的鲁莽,缺乏共情能力和人际交往能力,自恋的倾向,进取心不足以及脆弱的认同感,与上述损失并存的益处是,这种转变可能提升感觉运动协调能力,改善智商测验中的表现和反应时间以及工作记忆。Bavelier, D.et al.‘Brains on video games’.National Review of Neuroscience ,12,763-8(2011).Greenfield, S.A.,2014.
1700687567
1700687568
32 Koepp, M. J.et al.‘Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game’.Nature ,393,266-8(1998);另请参阅 Weinstein, A.M.‘Computer and video game addiction-a comparison between game users and non-game users’.American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse ,36,268-76(2010).
1700687569
1700687570
33 Greenfield, S. A.,2014.
1700687571
1700687572
34 Yuan, K. et al.‘Microstructure abnormalities in adolescents with internet addiction disorder’.PLoS One ,6,e20708(2011).
1700687573
1700687574
35 这是一个充满争议的复杂话题,更充分的讨论参见:Greenfield, S.A.,2014.
1700687575
1700687576
36 Freis, E. D.&Ari, R.‘Clinical and experimental effects of reserpine in patients with essential hypertension’.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ,59,45-53(1954).
1700687577
1700687578
37 Nutt, D. J.‘The role of dopamine and norepinephrine in depression and anti-depressant treatment’.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry ,67(suppl.6),3-8(2006).
1700687579
1700687580
38 Pletscher, A.‘The discovery of antidepressants:a winding path’.Experientia ,47,4-8(1991).
1700687581
1700687582
39 Healy, D.Tee Antidepressant Era .(Harvard University Press,1997).
1700687583
1700687584
40 不用说,从那时起人们已经开发出了药理学上更复杂同时具有选择性的药物。例如,单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOIs)的原型被证明有不良的副作用,例如“奶酪反应”,即任何服用药物的患者都不能食用诸如奶酪、酵母、巧克力或红葡萄酒等富含酪胺的食物:在药物的保护下,无法分解的酪胺(去甲肾上腺素的类似物)便会不断积累,达到某种水平后,便会导致血压的升高和心率的加快,并会增加发生高血压危象的危险性。因此,人们开发出一类新型三环类药物(之所以被称为三环类药物是因为其具有三个环状的化学结构),该类药物仅仅通过更具有选择性地靶向胺类递质就解决了这一问题。这些新型药物通过阻止神经元对去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的再摄取而发挥作用,这使它们可以在不同的靶点上有较长的作用:食品中的酪胺现在不会再有影响,而服用三环类药物的患者可以再次品尝奶酪和葡萄酒了。最近,抗抑郁药物变得更加精炼,第三代抗抑郁药如百忧解变得更具有选择性,其主要作用于5-羟色胺。
1700687585
1700687586
41 Fitzgerald, P. J.‘Forbearance for fluoxetine:do monoaminergic antidepressants require a number of years to reach maximum therapeutic effect in humans?’International Journal of Neuroscience ,124,467-73(2014).
1700687587
1700687588
42 Scott, J.‘Cognitive therapy’.British Journal of Psychiatry ,165,126-30(1994);另请参阅Cuijpers, P.et al.‘A meta-analysis of cognitive behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments’.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ,58,376-85(2013).
1700687589
1700687590
43 Anacker, C.‘Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression:behavioral implications and regulation by the stress system’.Current Topics in Behavioral Neuro-sciences (2014).
1700687591
1700687592
44 Sheline, Y. I.et al.‘Resting-state functional MRI in depression unmasks in-creased connectivity between networks via the dorsal nexus’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,107,11020-5(2010).
1700687593
1700687594
45 Ren, J. et al.‘Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression:a systematic review and meta-analysis’.Prog-ress in Neuropsychopharmacology&Biological Psychiatry ,51,181-9(2014).
1700687595
1700687596
46 锂的治疗作用由澳大利亚医生约翰·凯德(John Cade)于1948年首次报道。再一次,意外的发现起到了关键性的作用:凯德将精神病患者的尿液注射到豚鼠的腹腔中,试图通过这种方法探索精神疾病可能的生物化学基础。这些豚鼠比注射了健康人尿液的豚鼠死的更快:因此凯德将这一现象归结为精神病患者的尿液中含有更多的尿酸。就在那时,命运发挥了作用:正当凯德试图通过在溶液中加入尿酸锂来提高尿酸的水溶性时,他意外地发现在注射了含有尿酸锂溶液的豚鼠身上,精神病人尿液的毒性大大降低。然而,更有趣的发现是,锂本身对动物具有镇静作用。这是为什么呢?锂强大的治疗作用,尤其是对于躁郁症(与稳态单向抑郁相反)的疗效,已经被证明是个谜。不用说,有各种各样的理论试图对此加以解释,其中就包括了谷氨酰胺的作用,其本身是一种“兴奋性”神经递质和/或一种对血清素有增强作用的调节物质。另一个对象是气体一氧化氮,它在所有的神经递质中体积最小,它的作用涉及神经可塑性。其他的想法还包括,锂可以通过某种方式重置生物钟,以此来调节代谢、体温和睡眠(在双向障碍中发生紊乱),或是抑制肌醇单磷酸酶,否则这种酶会分解肌醇发生畸变,导致出现记忆问题和抑郁。然而,所有这些可能的复杂机制存在的一个共同问题是:在通常情况下,正常人体内所含有的锂并没有影响精神状态的作用,此外,我们在这里讨论的仅仅是一种简单的无机盐。如此基本的物质为何会对那么复杂的精神疾病产生这样选择性的复杂影响呢?Yoshimura, R.et al.‘Comparison of lithium, aripiprazole and olanzapine as augmentation to paroxetine for inpatients with major depressive disorder’.Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology ,4,123-9(2014).De Sousa, R.T.et al.‘Lithium increases nitric oxide levels in subjects with bipolar disorder during depressive episodes’.Journal of Psychiatric Research ,55,96-100(2014).Welsh, D.K.&Moore-Ede, M.C.‘Lithium lengthens circadian period in a diurnal primate, Saimiri sciureus’.Biological Psychiatry ,28,117-26(1990).Brown, K.M.&Tracy, D.K.‘Lithium:the pharmacodynamic actions of the amazing ion’.Teerapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology ,3,163-76(2013).Buigues, C.et al.‘The relationship between depression and frailty syndrome:a systematic review’.Aging&Mental Health ,1-11(16 Oct.2014).
1700687597
1700687598
47 Yanagita, T. et al.‘Lithium inhibits function of voltage-dependent sodium channels and catecholamine secretion independent of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in adrenal chromaffin cells’.Neuropharmacology ,53,881-9(2007).
1700687599
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70068755e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]