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出版过一本专著:Mark Burhenne,The 8-Hour Sleep Paradox: How We Are Sleeping Our Way to Fatigue,Disease and Unhappiness(Sunnyvale,CA: Ask the Dentist,2015)。
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口呼吸会导致:J. E. Choi et al.,“Intraoral pH and Temperature during Sleep with and without Mouth Breathing,”Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 43,no. 5(Dec. 2015): 356–63; Shirley Gutkowski,“Mouth Breathing for Dummies,”RDH Magazine,Feb. 13,2015,https://www.rdhmag.com/patient-care/article/16405394/mouth-breathing-for-dummies。
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一个世纪来:“Breathing through the Mouth a Cause of Decay of the Teeth,”American Journal of Dental Science 24,no. 3(July 1890): 142–43,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063589/?page=1。
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导致鼾症:M. F. Fitzpatrick et al.,“Effect of Nasal or Oral Breathing Route on Upper Airway Resistance During Sleep,”European Respiratory Journal 22,no. 5(Nov. 2003): 827–32。
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其中一个好处:在许多研究人员看来,一氧化氮对身体的重要性不亚于氧气和二氧化碳。Catharine Paddock,“Study Shows Blood Cells Need Nitric Oxide to Deliver Oxygen,”Medical News Today,Apr. 13,2015,https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/292292.php; J. Lundberg and E. Weitzberg,“Nasal Nitric Oxide in Man,”Thorax 54,no. 10(Oct. 1999): 947–52。
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氧气……提高18%:J. Lundberg,“Nasal and Oral Contribution to Inhaled and Exhaled Nitric Oxide: A Study in Tracheotomized Patients,”European Respiratory Journal 19,no. 5(2002): 859–64; Mark Burhenne,“Mouth Taping: End Mouth Breathing for Better Sleep and a Healthier Mouth,”Ask the Dentist(includes several study references),https://askthedentist.com/mouth-tape-better-sleep/. Additionally,the increased air resistance through nasal breathing increases the vacuum in the lungs,and helps us draw in 20 percent more oxygen than through the mouth. Caroline Williams,“How to Breathe Your Way to Better Memory and Sleep,”New Scientist,Jan. 8,2020。
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我试验了几种胶带:睡眠胶带也不乏批评者。英国《卫报》在2019年7月的一篇文章中宣称,睡眠胶带很危险,因为“如果你呕吐的话,很可能会窒息而死”。布莱纳和科尔尼告诉我,这一说法荒谬至极,缺乏实据,缺乏相关研究。“Buteyko: The Dangerous Truth about the New Celebrity Breathing Sensation,”The Guardian,https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2019/jul/15/buteyko-the-dangerous-truth-about-the-new-celebrity-breathing-sensation。
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第4章 呼气
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由……痴迷者著称:出版商对Peter Kelder的介绍,参见:Ancient Secret of the Fountain of Youth,Book 2(New York: Doubleday,1998),xvi。
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扩肺拉伸法:我遵循的指导是维基百科上的“藏地五式”。心脏病专家乔尔·卡恩建议,每套动作要进行21轮,就像古代西藏人那样。对于初学者来说,每天十分钟的练习是一个很好的开始。
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延年:半个世纪后,凯尔德的小册子再次发行,名为《Ancient Secret of the Fountain of Youth》。这本书在国际上引起轰动,销量超过200万册。2019年9月10日,乔尔·卡恩博士的一篇文章对练习“藏地五式”的一些心肺益处进行了回顾,“A Cardiologist’s Favorite Yoga Sequence for Boosting Heart Health,”MindBodyGreen,Sept. 10,2019。
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据这些专家称:W. B. Kannel et al.,“Vital Capacity as a Predictor o f C a rd i o va s c u l a r D i s e a s e: T h e Framingham Study,”American Heart Journal 105,no. 2(Feb. 1983): 311–15; William B. Kannel and Helen Hubert,“Vital Capacity as a Biomarker of Aging,”in Biological Markers of Aging,ed. Mitchell E. Reff and Edward L. Schneider,NIH Publication no. 82-2221,Apr. 1982,145–60。
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肺活量相互比较:布法罗后续研究的负责人霍尔加-舒内曼报告说:“值得注意的是,不仅仅是那些人数为五分之一的肺功能严重受损者,就连肺功能中度受损者的死亡风险也增加了。”这表明风险的增加并不局限于一小部分肺功能严重受损的人群。Lois Baker,“Lung Function May Predict Long Life or Early Death,”University at Buffalo News Center,Sept. 12,2000,http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/09/4857.html。
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结果一致:肺活量大小的衡量标准也适用于那些进行了肺移植的患者。2013年,约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的研究人员对比了数千名接受过肺移植的患者,发现那些接受超大肺活量的肺脏移植的患者在手术一年后的存活概率增加了30%。对于肺移植,研究人员惊讶地发现,被移植的肺的肺活量越大越好。ScienceDaily,Aug. 1,2013,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130801095507.htm; Michael Eberlein et al.,“Lung Size Mismatch and Survival After Single and Bilateral Lung Transplantation,”Annals of Thoracic Surgery 96,no. 2(Aug. 2013): 457–63。
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14升:Brian Palmer,“How Long Can You Hold Your Breath?”Slate,Nov. 18,2013,https://slate.com/technology/2013/11/nicholas-mevoli-freediving-death-what-happens-to-people-who-practice-holding-their-breath.html; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130801095507.htm; “Natural Lung Function Decline vs. Lung Function Decline with COPD,”Exhale,the official blog of the Lung Institute,Apr. 27,2016,https://lunginstitute.com/blog/natural-lung-function-decline-vs-lung-function-decline-with-copd/。
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15%:过去几年里,不止一个音乐家问我吹奏管乐器是否能提高肺活量。有些研究存在冲突,但共识是,吹奏管乐器不会显著增加肺活量。此外,肺内持续的加压空气似乎会增加患上慢性上呼吸道疾病甚至肺癌的风险。Evangelos Bouros et al.,“Respiratory Function in Wind Instrument Players,”Mater Sociomedica 30,no. 3(Oct. 2018): 204–8; E. Zuskin et al.,“Respiratory Function in Wind Instrument Players,”La Medicina del Lavoro,Mar. 2009; 100(2); 133–141; A. Ruano-Ravina et al.,“Musicians Playing Wind Instruments and Risk of Lung Cancer: Is There an Association?,”Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60,no. 2(Feb. 2003); “How to Increase Lung Capacity in 5 Easy Steps,”Exhale,July 27,2016。
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卡特琳娜·施罗斯:本书中关于施罗斯和她作品的描述与细节改编自汉斯-鲁道夫·维斯(Hans-Rudolf Weiss)的The Method of Katharina Schroth—History,Principles and Current Development,Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 6,no. 1(Aug. 2011): 17。
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声名鹊起:有关卡尔·斯托和他的方法的描述、引文和其他信息都来自他1970年与里斯·斯托合著的自传:Dr. Breath: The Story of Breathing Coordination(New York: William Morrow,1970),17,19,38,42,66,71,83,86,93,101,111,117,113,156,173; a short bio,“Carl Stough,”at www.breathingcoordination.ch/en/method/carl-stough; and Laurence A. Caso创作的纪录片Breathing: The Source of Life,Stough Institute,1997。
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情况更糟了:这和斯托在精神分裂症患者和其他行为障碍患者身上看到的“胸部”呼吸是一样的。他们的胸部和胸腔都很紧绷,除了几次急促的呼吸外,他们不能自由活动或呼吸。结果,所有“陈腐的”富含二氧化碳的空气都会滞留在他们的肺部,造成“死腔”。
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无法将废气排出肺部:每次呼气时,我们会排出大约3500种化合物,其中大部分是有机气物(水蒸气、二氧化碳和其他气体)。但我们也会呼出污染物:杀虫剂、化学品和发动机尾气。当我们没有彻底呼气时,这些毒素就会留在肺部,导致感染和其他问题。Todor A. Popov,“Human Exhaled Breath Analysis,”Annals of Allergy,Asthma&Immunology 106,no. 6(June 2011): 451–56; Joachim D. Pleil,“Breath Biomarkers in Toxicology,”Archives of Toxicology 90,no. 11(Nov. 2016): 2669–82; Jamie Eske,“Natural Ways to Cleanse Your Lungs,”Medical News Today,Feb. 18,2019,https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324483.php。
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每分钟就能循环一遍:“How Quickly Does a Blood Cell Circulate?,”The Naked Scientists,Apr. 29 ,2012,https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/how-quickly-does-blood-cell-circulate。
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7500多升:“How the Lungs Get the Job Done,”American Lung Association,July 20,2017,https://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2017/07/how-your-lungs-work.html。
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“第二心脏”:史蒂芬·艾略特的理论概述和对胸泵的观察可见于Diaphragm Mediates Action of Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems,BMED Reports,Jan. 8,2010,https://www.bmedreport.com/archives/8309; 也见于“Principles of Breathing Coordination”summarized at Breathing Coordination,http://www.breathingcoordination.com/Principles.html。
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罗伯特·尼姆斯医生说:Caso,Breathing: The Source of Life,17: 12。
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哮喘等呼吸系统疾病:以及哮喘的风险,而哮喘反过来又会影响心血管健康。“Adults Who Develop Asthma May Have Higher Risk of Heart Disease,Stroke,”American Heart Association News,Aug. 24,2016,https://newsarchive.heart.org/adults-who-develop-asthma-may-have-higher-risk-of-heart-disease-stroke; A. Chaouat et al.,“Pulmonary Hypertension in COPD,”European Respiratory Journal 32,no. 5(Nov. 2008): 1371–85。
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