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海绵体血管组织会产生炎症:Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle”。
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循环的频率也会升高:在某些文化中,滞后的鼻循环被认为是疾病征兆。一个鼻孔堵塞8个小时以上,就意味着重病即将到来。如果单侧呼吸超过一天,死期也就不远了。但为什么? Ronald Eccles,“A Role for the Nasal Cycle in Respiratory Defense,”European Respiratory Journal 9,no. 2(Feb. 1996): 371–76; Eccles et al.,“Changes in the Amplitude of the Nasal Cycle Associated with Symptoms of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection,”Acta Otolaryngologica 116,no. 1(Jan. 1996): 77–81。
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将更多血液输送到左脑:Kahana-Zweig et al.; Shirley Telles et al.,“Alternate-Nostril Yoga Breathing Reduced Blood Pressure While Increasing Performance in a Vigilance Test ,”Medical Science Monitor Basic Research 23(Dec. 2017): 392–98; Karamjit Singh et al.,“Effect of Uninostril Yoga Breathing on Brain Hemodynamics: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study,”International Journal of Yoga 9,no. 1(June 2016): 12–19; Gopal Krushna Pal et al.,“Slow Yogic Breathing Through Right and Left Nostril Influences Sympathovagal Balance,Heart Rate Variability,and Cardiovascular Risks in Young Adults,”North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6,no. 3(Mar. 2014): 145–51。
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降低体温、血压:P. Raghuraj and Shirley Telles,“Immediate Effect of Specific Nostril Manipulating Yoga Breathing Practices on Autonomic and Respiratory Variables,”Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 33,no. 2(June 2008): 65–75. S. Kalaivani,M. J. Kumari,and G. K. Pal,“Effect of Alternate Nostril Breathing Exercise on Blood Pressure,Heart Rate,and Rate Pressure Product among Patients with Hypertension in JIPMER,Puducherry,”Journal of Education and Health Promotion 8,no. 145(July 2019)。
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负面情绪:神经解剖学家吉尔·博尔特·泰勒(Jill Bolte Taylor)在2008年的TED演讲《中风顿悟》(My Stroke of Insight)中,对左右脑功能进行了动人又惊人的普及。截至我写书时,该演讲已经有2600多万次浏览。参见:https://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight?language=en。
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加州大学圣迭戈分校的研究者:David Shannahoff-Khalsa and Shahrokh Golshan,“Nasal Cycle Dominance and Hallucinations in an Adult Schizophrenic Female,”Psychiatry Research 226,no. 1(Mar. 2015): 289–94。
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鼻孔轮替的方式:一些在研究实验室进行的相关研究,已发表在《国际神经科学杂志》(International Journal of Neuroscience)、《神经回路前沿》(Frontiers in Neural Circuits)、《喉耳学杂志》(Journal of Laryngology and Otology)等杂志上。这些研究证明,左右鼻孔与特定的生物、精神官能存在明确联系。多项研究可参见:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alternate+nostril+breathing。
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帮助身体保暖,促进食物消化:瑜伽修行者吃完饭会左侧躺,用右鼻孔呼吸。因为他们相信,通过右鼻孔呼吸,以增加血流量和热量,有助于消化。几年前,费城杰斐逊医学院的研究人员对这一说法进行了验证,在不同日子里让20名健康受试者食用高脂肪食物,然后向右或左侧卧。那些被要求左侧卧(主要通过右鼻孔呼吸)的人胃灼热情况明显少于右侧卧的人,喉咙的酸度也低很多。他们又重复了一遍研究,得到的结果依然相同。右鼻孔呼吸让身体产生了额外的热量,只是有可能会影响消化的速度和效率,但可以肯定的是,这里面重力起到了很大作用。因为身体朝左侧卧时,胃和胰腺会处在更自然的位置,进而使得食物更易通过大肠。简而言之,就是让人觉得更舒服,消化效率更高。L. C. Katz et al.,“Body Position Affects Recumbent Postprandial Reflux,”Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 18,no. 4(June 1994): 280–83; Anahad O’Connor,“The Claim: Lying on Your Left Side Eases Heartburn,”The New York Times,Oct. 25,2010,https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/health/26really.html; R. M. Khoury et al.,“Influence of Spontaneous Sleep Positions on Nighttime Recumbent Reflux in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease,”American Journal of Gastroenterology 94,no. 8(Aug. 1999): 2069–73。
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成年人鼻子内部:成年男性的鼻腔和四个副鼻窦的平均体积约为105.37立方厘米; 女性要少16.39立方厘米。Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade,“Volumes Nasais de Adultos Aferidos por Rinometria Acústica,”Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia 73,no. 1(Jan./Feb. 2007)。
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所有海滩沙子:全世界所有海滩上的沙子加起来有2.5~10的10次方粒。与此同时,你刚刚吸入的空气中约含25的10次方个分子。Fraser Cain,“Are There More Grains of Sand Than Stars?,”Universe Today,Nov. 25,2013,https://www.universetoday.com/106725/are-there-more-grains-of-sand-than-stars/。
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阻挡侵袭:还有铜、镉。A. Z. Aris,F. A. Ismail,H. Y. Ng,and S. M. Praveena,“An Experimental and Modelling Study of Selected Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Scylla serrata as Biosorbent,”Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 22,no. 2(Jan. 2014): 553–66。
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第一道防线:“Mucus: The First Line of Defense,”ScienceDaily,Nov. 6,2015,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151106062716. htm; Sara G. Miller,“Where Does All My Snot Come From?,”Live Science,May 13,2016,https://www.livescience.com/54745-why-do-i-have-so-much-snot.html; B. M. Yergin et al.,“A Roentgenographic Method for Measuring Nasal Mucous Velocity,”Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory,Environmental and Exercise Physiology 44,no. 6(June 1978): 964–68。
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极其微小的纤毛:Maria Carolina Romanelli et al.,“Nasal Ciliary Motility: A New Tool in Estimating the Time of Death,”International Journal of Legal Medicine 126,no. 3(May 2012): 427–33; Fuad M. Baroody,“How Nasal Function Influences the Eyes,Ears,Sinuses,and Lungs,”Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 8,no. 1(Mar. 2011): 53–61; Irina Ozerskaya et al.,“Ciliary Motility of Nasal Epithelium in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis,”European Respiratory Journal 50,suppl. 61(2017)。
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每秒16次:温度越高,纤毛速度越快。J. Yager et al.,“Measurement of Frequency of Ciliary Beats of Human Respiratory Epithelium,”Chest 73,no. 5(May 1978): 627–33; James Gray,“The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement. VI. Photographic and Stroboscopic Analysis of Ciliary Movement,”Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 107,no. 751(Dec. 1930): 313–32。
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鼻孔近端的纤毛:哭的时候,眼泪会流到鼻子里,泪水和鼻涕混在一起,使后者变得稀薄如水。这时,黏液无法再被纤毛抓住,只能随着重力往下,这就是流鼻涕。稠鼻涕更糟。乳制品摄入过多、过敏症、淀粉类食物等,都会增加鼻涕的黏稠度,进而导致纤毛放慢速度、不堪重负,最终停止摆动。这就是鼻子充血的原因。鼻塞时间越长,鼻子里积聚的微生物就越多,有时甚至会引发鼻窦炎或普通感冒。Olga V. Plotnikova et al.,“Primary Cilia and the Cell Cycle,”Methods in Cell Biology 94(2009): 137–60; Achim G. Beule,“Physiology and Pathophysiology of Respiratory Mucosa of the Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses,”GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 9(2010): Doc07。
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鼻甲的不同区域:Scheithauer,“Surgery of the Turbinates,”18; Swami Rama,Rudolph Ballentine,and Alan Hymes,Science of Breath: A Practical Guide(Honesdale,PA: Himalayan Institute Press,1979,1998),45。
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公元前1500年左右:Bryan Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part I,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16,no. 1(Mar. 1970): 5–11,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414610850; Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part II,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16,no. 2(June 1970): 57–69,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414610898?via%3Dihub。
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替人画像:后面关于乔治·卡特林的细节、引言、描述摘自以下书籍:George Catlin,North American Indians,ed. Peter Matthiessen(New York: Penguin,2004); Catlin,The Breath of Life,4th ed.,retitled Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life(London: N. Truebner,1870)。1870年版的Shut Your Mouth可免费下载,参见:https://buteykoclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Shut-your-mouth-Catlin.pdf。
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我穿行于美国大地:Catlin,Letters and Notes on the Manners,Customs,and Condition of the North American Indians(New York: Wiley and Putnam,1841),vol. 1,206。
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唯一详尽的记载:Peter Matthiessen,introduction to Catlin,North American Indians,vi。
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50个部落:后来,人类学家理查德·斯特克尔(Richard Steckel)证实了卡特林的描述,宣称19世纪末平原部落的人是当时世界上最高的人。Devon Abbot Mihesuah,Recovering Our Ancestors’ Gardens(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2005),47。
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一口好牙:Shut Your Mouth,2,18,27,41,43,51。
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《生命的呼吸》:Reviewed in Littell’s Living Age 72(Jan.–Mar. 1862): 334–35。
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活到了76岁:到20世纪初时,卡特林几乎已被人遗忘。他的导师们,也就是大平原上的那些印第安人,几乎被消灭殆尽,原因包括天花、枪、强奸、奴役。剩下的那些只得借酒消愁。满头银发的曼丹人、肩宽膀阔的波尼人、温文尔雅的米纳特里人全消失了,而他们的呼吸技艺、知识也随之消失了。
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始终用鼻子呼吸:卡特林有关口鼻呼吸的论述发表几十年之后,弗吉尼亚塞勒姆的瑞吉斯山疗养院的内科主治医师华生(E. E. Watson)在弗吉尼亚医疗学会的年度会议上,宣布了口呼吸是结核病传播的罪魁祸首,“即使说我们75%的结核性喉炎病例都发生在口呼吸的人身上,也毫不夸张”。呼吸系统疾病对人口的影响并非随机,也不具有遗传性。本质上,华生想说的就是,某些疾病就是病人自找的。病人是口呼吸还是鼻呼吸,在很大程度上决定了身体是健康还是得病。E. E. Watson,“Mouth-Breathing,”Virginia Medical Monthly 47,no. 9(Dec. 1920): 407–8。
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