打字猴:1.7006975e+09
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1700697501 伤害极大:见斯科特·西蒙内蒂博士对氧化应激和一氧化氮合酶引起的损伤的详细解释www.mrjamesnestor.com/breath。
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1700697503 持续部分关注:Megan Rose Dickey,“Freaky:Your Breathing Patterns Change When You Read Email,”Business Insider,Dec. 5,2012,https://www.businessinsider.com/email-apnea-how-email-change-breathing-2012-12?IR=T; “Email Apnea,”Schott’s Vocab,The New York Times,Sept. 23,2009,https://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/23/email-apnea/; Linda Stone,“Just Breathe:Building the Case for Email Apnea,”The Huffington Post,https://www.huffpost.com/entry/just-breathe-building-the_b_85651; Susan M. Pollak,“Breathing Meditations for the Workplace,”Psychology Today,Nov. 6,2014,https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-art-now/201411/email-apnea。
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1700697505 超出我们的自主掌控能力:美国国立卫生研究院网站PubMed的美国国立医学图书馆提供了数十项研究。这里有一些对我很有帮助:Andrzej Ostrowski et al.,“The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers,”Journal of Human Kinetics 32,no. 1(May 2012):197–210; Apar Avinash Saoji et al.,“Additional Practice of Yoga Breathing With Intermittent Breath Holding Enhances Psychological Functions in Yoga Practitioners:A Randomized Controlled Trial,”Explore:The Journal of Science and Healing 14,no. 5(Sept. 2018):379–84; Saoji et al.,“Immediate Effects of Yoga Breathing with Intermittent Breath Holding on Response Inhibition among Healthy Volunteers,”International Journal of Yoga 11,no. 2(May–Aug. 2018):99–104。
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1700697507 战争创伤:Serena Gianfaldoni et al.,“History of the Baths and Thermal Medicine,”Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 5,no. 4(July 2017):566–68。
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1700697509 “几乎都能治愈”:George Henry Brandt,Royat(les Bains) in Auvergne,Its Mineral Waters and Climate(London:H. K. Lewis,1880),12,18; Peter M. Prendergast and Melvin A. Shiffman,eds.,Aesthetic Medicine:Art and Techniques(Berlin and Heidelberg:Springer,2011); William and Robert Chambers,Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal,n.s. 1,no. 46(Nov. 16,1844):316; Isaac Burney Yeo,The Therapeutics of Mineral Springs and Climates(London:Cassell,1904),760。
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1700697511 “鲁瓦亚镇”……英国医生:布兰特回到英国,对罗亚特赞不绝口后,皇家外科学院的另一位医生和研究员前往罗亚特,证实了布兰特的发现,并报告了这些发现“完全符合我自己的经验和观察”。George Henry Brandt,Royat(les Bains) in Auvergne:Its Mineral Waters and Climate(London:H. K. Lewis,1880),12,18。
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1700697513 研究消失在了人们的视野:加州麻醉师和医学研究人员刘易斯·S.科尔曼博士说,对二氧化碳的强烈反对可能与事实无关,而与私人利益有关。二氧化碳是一种廉价的石油加工副产品,而其他的临床治疗是昂贵的,需要系统的专业知识。Lewis S. Coleman,“Four Forgotten Giants of Anesthesia History,”Journal of Anesthesia and Surgery 3,no. 1(2016):68–84。
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1700697515 皮肤病患者:几十个关于畅享二氧化碳的好处的研究mrjamesnestor.com/breath。
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1700697517 约瑟夫·沃尔普……唐纳德·克莱恩:20世纪50年代末,沃尔普正在寻找另一种治疗自由浮动性焦虑的方法,这种焦虑症是一种没有具体原因的焦虑,目前约有1000万美国人受到这种焦虑的影响。他对二氧化碳的特效感到震惊。沃尔普发现,2至5次吸入50/50的二氧化碳和氧气的混合物,足以将患者的焦虑水平从60(虚弱)降低到0。没有其他治疗可以与之相比。“人们希望最近对二氧化碳的兴趣能够引起更深入的研究。”沃尔普在1987年写道。但是同年沃尔普发表了他的二氧化碳倡议,食品和药物管理局批准了第一个SSRI药物氟西汀,它将以其商品名Prozac、Sarafem和Adofen而闻名。沃尔普的研究发表十年后,哥伦比亚大学精神病学家唐纳德·F.克莱恩发现了引发恐慌、焦虑和相关疾病的机制。克莱恩在他的论文《错误的窒息警报和自发的恐慌症状》里面提到,这种窒息感来自中枢化学感受器,它对二氧化碳的波动变得过于敏感。恐惧,其本质不只是一个精神问题,可能也是一个身体问题。Joseph Wolpe,“Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Treatments of Neurotic Anxiety:An Overview,”Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175,no. 3(Mar. 1987):129–33; Donald F. Klein,“False Suffocation Alarms,Spontaneous Panics,and Related Conditions,”Archives of General Psychiatry 50,no. 4(Apr. 1993):206–17。
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1700697519 有一半的人……受其困扰:这是范斯坦的估计。很难确定确切的数字,因为有那么多焦虑症患者患有抑郁症,反之亦然。例如,估计有18%的人患有焦虑症;大约8%的人患有严重的抑郁症,还有数百万的人患有轻度抑郁症;四分之一患有可诊断的精神障碍;预计有一半的美国人一生都会患有某种精神疾病。“Half of US Adults Due for Mental Illness,Study Says,”Live Science,Sept. 1,2011,https://www.livescience.com/15876-mental-illness-strikes-adults.html; “Facts&Statistics,”Anxiety and Depression Association of America,https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics。
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1700697521 13%:此外,抑郁、焦虑和恐慌都是密切相关的,每一种都源于对恐惧的曲解。目前接受SSRIs治疗的患者中有三分之一患有其他形式的焦虑症,许多患者将接受不同的药物治疗。Laura A. Pratt et al.,“Antidepressant Use Among Persons Aged 12 and Over:United States,2011–2014,”NCHS Data Brief no. 283(Aug. 2017):1–8.
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1700697523 作者认为“药效甚微”:正如你所预料,这些发现是有争议的。你可以在弗雷德里克·希罗尼莫斯等人那里阅读到更多关于这项研究的争论。“Influence of Baseline Severity on the Effects of SSRIs in Depression:An Item-Based,Patient-Level Post-Hoc Analysis,”The Lancet,July 11,2019,https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(19)30383-9/fulltext; Fredrik Hieronymus,“How Do We Determine Whether Antidepressants Are Useful or Not? Authors’ Reply,”The Lancet,Nov. 2019,https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(19)30383-9/fulltext; Henry Bodkin,“Most Common Antidepressant Barely Helps Improve Depressive Symptoms,‘Shocking’Trial Finds,”The Telegraph(UK),Sept. 19,2019,https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/09/19/common-antidepressant-barely-helps-improve-depression-symptoms。
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1700697525 暴露疗法:An overview of treatments and efficacy is available here:Johanna S. Kaplan and David F. Tolin,“Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders,”Psychiatric Times,Sept. 6,2011,https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/anxiety/exposure-therapy-anxiety-disorders。
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1700697527 厌食症、恐惧症:大约40%的恐惧症患者患有抑郁症,70%的患者患有其他精神疾病。费恩斯坦说,所有这些情况都源于恐惧。Paul M. Lehrer,“Emotionally Triggered Asthma:A Review of Research Literature and Some Hypotheses for Self-Regulation Therapies,”Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 22,no. 1(Mar. 1998):13–41。
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1700697529 闭气……更为强烈:恐惧症患者看医生的次数是其他患者的5倍,因精神疾病住院的可能性是其他患者的6倍。其中37%的人会寻求某种治疗,通常是药物、行为疗法,或者两者兼有。但这些疗法都没有直接解决导致这种状况的原因:长期不良的呼吸习惯。60%的慢性阻塞性肺病患者也有焦虑或抑郁障碍,这并非巧合。这些病人经常呼吸太多,太快,害怕不能再呼吸。“Proper Breathing Brings Better Health,”Scientific American,Jan. 15,2019,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/proper-breathing-brings-better-health/。
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1700697531 对二氧化碳过于敏感:Eva Henje Blom et al.,“Adolescent Girls with Emotional Disorders Have a Lower End-Tidal CO2 and Increased Respiratory Rate Compared with Healthy Controls,”Psychophysiology 51,no. 5(May 2014):412–18; Alicia E. Meuret et al.,“Hypoventilation Therapy Alleviates Panic by Repeated Induction of Dyspnea,”Biological Psychiatry CNNI(Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging) 3,no. 6(June 2018):539–45; Daniel S. Pine et al.,“Differential Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity in Childhood Anxiety Disorders and Nonill Comparison Group,”Archives of General Psychiatry 57,no. 10(Oct. 2000):960–67。
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1700697533 艾丽西娅·穆瑞:“Out-of-the-Blue Panic Attacks Aren’t without Warning:Data Show Subtle Changes before Patients’ [sic] Aware of Attack,”Southern Methodist University Research,https://blog.smu.edu/research/2011/07/26/out-of-the-blue-panic-attacks-arent-without-warning/; Stephanie Pappas,“To Stave Off Panic,Don’t Take a Deep Breath,”Live Science,Dec. 26,2017,https://www.livescience.com/9204-stave-panic-deep-breath.html。
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1700697535 20名恐惧症患者……记录了:“New Breathing Therapy Reduces Panic and Anxiety by Reversing Hyperventilation,”ScienceDaily,Dec. 22,2010,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101220200010.htm; Pappas,“To Stave Off Panic.”
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1700697537 隔音黑屋子:费恩斯坦通过五年的临床研究发现,漂浮疗法在治疗焦虑症、厌食症和其他基于恐惧的神经症方面特别有效。“The Feinstein Laboratory,”Laureate Institute for Brain Research,http://www.laureateinstitute.org/current-events/feinstein-laboratory-publishes-float-study-in-plos-one。
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1700697539 “超耐力”:详见布泰科的最佳(也是最低)二氧化碳浓度图表:https://images. app.goo.gl/DGjT3bL8PMDQYmqL7。
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1700697541 一些圈里人的使用心得:最近,二氧化碳疗法有点儿卷土重来的意思,不仅仅是奥尔森和他的团队DIY肺,现在又被用来治疗听力丧失、癫痫和各种癌症。美国医疗服务提供商安泰保险公司提供二氧化碳疗法作为对患者的实验性治疗。“Carbogen Inhalation Therapy,”Aetna,http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0428.html。
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1700697543 ……中枢化学感受器平日接触的……:中枢化学感受器被设计用来分析二氧化碳最微小的波动,可以精确到小数点后三位。
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1700697545 第10章 快,慢,停
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1700697547 大量压力荷尔蒙的分泌:甚至在练习拙火结束一小时后。把肺想象成太阳能电池板;面板越大,吸收阳光的电池越多,可用的能量就越多。维姆·霍夫的深呼吸可以增加大约40%的气体交换空间,这是一个巨大的数目。有了这些额外的空间,霍夫就能够在完成演习40分钟后消耗两倍于正常量的氧气。Isabelle Hof,The Wim Hof Method Explained(Wim Hof Method,2015,updated 2016),8,https://explore. wimhofmethod.com/wp-content/uploads/ebook-the-wim-hof-method-explained-EN.pdf。
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1700697549 光着身子在雪地:Joshua Rapp Learn,“Science Explains How the Iceman Resists Extreme Cold,”Smithsonian.com,May 22,2018,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/science-explains-how-iceman-resists-extreme-cold-180969134/#WUf1Swaj7zYCkVDv.99。
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