打字猴:1.70112089e+09
1701120890
1701120891 [19] 关于西班牙和不列颠,参见 C. Witschel,Krise-Rezession-Stagnation?Der Westen des römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (Frankfurt:M. Clauss,1999),239-74。新的研究参见P. Reynolds,Hispania and the Roman Mediterranean,A.D. 100-700:Ceramics and Trade (London:Duckworth,2010),24-32,69-74。
1701120892
1701120893 [20] R. B. Hitchner,“The Kasserine Archaeological Survey,1982-1985,” Africa 11-12 (1992-93):158-259;以及同一作者的“The Kasserine Archaeological Survey,1982-1986” and “The Kasserine Archaeological Survey,1987,” Antiquités africaines 24 (1988):7-41 and 26 (1990):231-59;D.P.S. Peacock,F. Bejaoui,and N. Ben Lazreg,“Roman Pottery Production in Central Tunisia,” Journal of Roman Archaeology 3 (1990):59-84。
1701120894
1701120895 [21] C. Lepelley,Les cités de l’Afrique romaine ,vol. 1,La permanence d’une civilisation municipale (Paris:Études Augustiniennes,1979),59-120. 意大利方面,参见B. Ward-Perkins,From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages:Urban Public Building in Northern and Central Italy,300-850 (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1984),1-48。
1701120896
1701120897 [22] Halsall,Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West ,83-85;J. Crow,“Fortifications and Urbanism in Late Antiquity,” in Recent Research in Late Antique Urbanism ,ed. L. Lavan,Journal of Roman Archaeology:Supplement 42 (Portsmouth,RI:Journal of Roman Archaeology,1996),89-105;P. Garmy and L. Maurin,eds.,Enceintes romaines d’Aquitaine:Bordeaux,Dax,Périgueux,Bazas (Paris:Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme,1996);H. Dey,“Art,Ceremony and City Walls:The Aesthetics of Imperial Resurgence in the Late Roman West,” and B.S. Bachrach,“The Fortification of Gaul and the Economy of the Third and Fourth Centuries,” Journal of Late Antiquity 3 (2010):3-37,38-64;C. Fernández Ochoa and A. Morillo Cerdán,“Walls in the Urban Landscape of Late Roman Spain:Defense and Imperial Strategy,” in Hispania in Late Antiquity:Current Perspectives ,ed. K. Bowes and M. Kulikowski (Leiden:Brill,2005):299-340;R. Rebuffat,“Enceintes urbaines et insécurité en Maurétanie tingitaine,” Mélanges de l’école française de Rome:Antiquité 86 (1974):501-22.
1701120898
1701120899 [23] J.-M. Carrié,“Dioclétien et la fiscalité,” Antiquité tardive 2 (1994):33-64. 精彩的新研究,参见G. Bransbourg,“Fiscalité impériale et finances municipales au IVe siècle,” Antiquité tardive 16 (2008):255-96。
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1701120901 [24] D. Bonneau,La crue du Nil,divinité égyptienne,à travers milles ans d’histoire (322 av.-641 ap. J.-C.) (Paris:Klincksieck,1964).在6世纪,尼罗河仍被冠以“最神圣”的称呼,参见C. Kreuzsaler,“Ho hierôtatos Nilos auf einer christlichen Nilstandsmarkierung,” Journal of Juristic Papyrology 34 (2004):81-86。
1701120902
1701120903 [25] P. Erdkamp,The Grain Market in the Roman Empire:A Social,Political and Economic Study (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005),322-25;P. Horden and N. Purcell,The Corrupting Sea:A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford:Blackwell,2000),152;P. Garnsey,Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World:Responses to Risk and Crisis (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988),8-16.
1701120904
1701120905 [26] Eusebius,Ecclesiastical History 9.7.10.
1701120906
1701120907 [27]Council of Elvira ,canon 49,ed. E.J. Jonkers,in Acta et symbola conciliorum quae saeculo quarto habita sunt (Leiden:Brill,1954),16.
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1701120909 [28] P.A. Février,Approches du Maghreb romain:Pouvoirs,différences et conflits ,vol. 2 (La Calade:édisud,1990),17;A. Mastrocinque,“Magia agraria nell’impero cristiano,” Mediterraneo antico 7 (2004):795-836.
1701120910
1701120911 [29] M. Meslin,La fête des kalendes de janvier dans l’empire romain:Étude d’un rituel de Nouvel An (Brussels:Latomus,1970).
1701120912
1701120913 [30] Caesarius of Arles,Sermon 192.3.
1701120914
1701120915 [31]Jerusalem Talmud:Yoma 5.2,trans. M. Schwab,Le Talmud de Jérusalem (Paris:Maisonneuve,1932-33),3:218.
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1701120917 [32] Jones,The Later Roman Empire ,1:451-60.
1701120918
1701120919 [33] Jones,The Later Roman Empire ,1:462-69。
1701120920
1701120921 [34] D. Vera,“Forme e funzioni della rendita fondiaria nella tarda antichità,” in Società romana e impero tardoantico ,vol. 1,Istituzioni,ceti,economie ,ed. A. Giardina (Bari:Laterza,1986),367-447 at pp. 441-43;以及同一作者的“L’altra faccia della luna:La società contadina nella Sicilia di Gregorio Magno,” Studi Storici 47 (2006):437-61。也参见C. Wickham,Framing the EarlyMiddle Ages:Europe and the Mediterranean,400-800 (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005),68。
1701120922
1701120923 [35] Augustine,New [Divjak]Letter 14* and 15*.3,in Bibliothèque Augustinienne 46B,Lettres 1*-29* (Paris:Desclée de Brouwer,1987),262-69,trans. R. B. Eno,in St. Augustine:Letters:Volume VI (1*-29*) ,Fathers of the Church 81 (Washington,DC:Catholic University of America Press,1989),112-16.
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1701120925 [36] J. Banaji,Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity:Gold,Labour,and Aristocratic Dominance (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001),16.
1701120926
1701120927 [37] Erdkamp,The Grain Market ,324.
1701120928
1701120929 [38] Horden and Purcell,The Corrupting Sea ,205,214.
1701120930
1701120931 [39] J. Alarcão,R. Étienne,and F. Mayet,Les villas romaines de São Cucufate (Portugal) (Paris:Boccard,1990),149-55.
1701120932
1701120933 [40] M. McCormick,“Bateaux de vie,bateaux de mort:Maladie,commerce et le passage économique du bas-empire au moyen-âge,” in Morfologie sociali e culturali in Europa fra TardaAntichità e Alto Medioevo ,Settimane di Studi del Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo 45 (Spoleto:Centro di Studi sull’Alto Medio Evo,1998),35-118 at pp. 35-37.
1701120934
1701120935 [41] J. Haldon,“Comes horreorum—Komès tès Lamias,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 10 (1986):203-9.
1701120936
1701120937 [42] Banaji,Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity ,39-88大力发展了在S. Mazzarino,Aspetti sociali del quarto secolo (Rome:Bretschneider,1951),47-216中提出的观点。新的研究参见F. Carlà,L’oro nella tarda anrichità:Aspetti economici e sociali (Turin:Silvio Zamorani,2009),117-57。
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1701120939 [43]Anonymus de rebus bellicis 2.1-2,ed. and trans. E. A. Thompson,A Roman Reformer and Inventor (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1952),94;Banaji,Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity ,46-49;以及A. Giardina,ed.,Anonimo:Le cose della guerra ([Milan]:Mondadori,1989)附有对这个文本的可能断代及语境的评注和充分讨论。新的研究参考Carlà,L’oro nella tarda anrichità ,125-31。
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