1701499570

1701499571 (23) 我最重要的范本是特里· 伊格尔顿（Terry Eagleton）的Literary Theory: An Introduction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983)。

1701499572

1701499573 (24) 我们要感谢人种学家凯瑟琳· 卢茨，她用两句话对人类情感史做出了可能是最简明扼要的描述：“至少在过去的两千年里，西方社会对情感概念的广泛讨论通常是出于哲学、宗教、道德或最新的科学心理学的目的。其中包括柏拉图对快乐与善的关系的关注；斯多葛派认为激情天生就是邪恶的这一信条；早期的基督徒试图区分人类脆弱的情感和上帝的情感；霍布斯认为激情是行动的主要来源，自然地促进了战争与和平；卢梭认为自然的情感是有价值的，应该与文明产生的‘人为的’或虚假的情感相区分；19世纪的心理学家开始把情感看作心理生理学的本质，意识越来越不被认为是情感的重要组成部分。”参见Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 53。

1701499574

1701499575 (25) William James, “What Is an Emotion?”, Mind , 9/34 (1884), 188—205．从那以后，这个标题被多次使用，例如心理学家杰罗姆· 凯根（Jerome Kagan）的What Is Emotion?History, Measures, and Meanings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007)。

1701499576

1701499577 (26) 菲利普· 费希尔（Philip Fisher）描述了与情感有关的领域，尽管他没有给出时间顺序：“从一开始，我们对情感的认识和看法就是一个复杂的产物，在哲学、文学（尤其是史诗和悲剧）、医学、伦理学、修辞学、美学、法律和政治思想等领域的研究相互重叠，有时相互妨碍。在我们这个时代，进化生物学、心理学、人类学以及最近在大脑神经生物学方面的新研究，加上博弈论和经济学，尤其是哲学，延续了这种杂糅性，不同领域之间既共享，又相互依赖，有时相互干扰，甚至相互破坏，有时也相互合作。”参见Philip Fisher, The Vehement Passions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 7。

1701499578

1701499579 (27) 关于古希腊，见David Konstan, The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature ( Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2006);关于北美殖民地时期，见Nicole Eustace, Passion Is the Gale: Emotion, Power, and the Coming of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 481—486；关于19世纪的英国，见Thomas Dixon, From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)。

1701499580

1701499581 (28) 关于这种传播的过程，可以参考希腊—波斯—阿拉伯—印度三角中“癔症”的情感维度：Guy N. A. Attewell, Refiguring Unani Tibb: Plural Healing in Late Colonial India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2007), 225—237；关于情感本身，以及它在希腊—波斯—阿拉伯—印度—英国关系中的身体定位，见Margrit Pernau, “The Indian Body and Unani Medicine: Body History as Entangled History”, in Axel Michaels and Christoph Wulf (eds.),Images of the Body in India (London: Routledge, 2011), 97—108, esp. 104—106。

1701499582

1701499583 (29) 见LeDoux, Emotional Brain ; Klaus R. Scherer, “Nonlinguistic Vocal Indicators of Emotion and Psychopathology”, in Carroll E. Izard (ed.), Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology (New York: Plenum Press, 1979), 495—529; Barbara H. Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History”, American Historical Review , 107/3 (2002), 821—845; Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience:The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: John Murray, 1872);“affection”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Literature, and General Information ,i. A to Androphagi (11th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910), 299—300, here 300; Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1980), 314;Karl G. Heider, Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping Three Cultures of Emotion in Indonesia (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991), 41; Brian Massumi, Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect,Sensation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002); Cesare Lombroso, L’uomo delinquentein rapporto all’antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alle discipline carcerarie ( Turin: Bocca, 1876), 651。

1701499584

1701499585 (30) Paul R. Kleinginna Jun. and Anne M. Kleinginna, “A Categorized List of Emotion Definitions, with Suggestions for a Consensual Definition”, Motivation and Emotion , 5/4(1981), 345—379.

1701499586

1701499587 (31) Stewart R. Roberts, “Nervous and Mental Influences in Angina Pectoris”, American Heart Journal , 7/1 (1931), 21—35, here 23; Beverley Fehr and James A. Russell, “Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113/3 (1984), 464—486, here 464.

1701499588

1701499589 (32) Antonio R. Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain (Orlando, FL:Harcourt, 2003), 15.

1701499590

1701499591 (33) 关于从柏拉图到奥古斯丁对于情感的思考，最简明的介绍见Barbara H. Rosenwein,Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), ch.1。

1701499592

1701499593 (34) Aristotle, The “Art” of Rhetoric , trans. John Henry Freese (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 173．更一般的版本，见Michael Krewet, Die Theorie der Gefühle bei Aristoteles (Heidelberg: Winter, 2011)。（中译见［古希腊］亚里士多德：《修辞学》，罗念生译，北京：生活· 读书· 新知三联书店，1991年，第70页。）

1701499594

1701499595 (35) William W. Fortenbaugh, Aristotle on Emotion: A Contribution to Philosophical Psychology, Rhetoric Poetics, Politics and Ethics (2nd edn., London: Duckworth, 2002), 114．该书作者认为这段话不具代表性，仅限于修辞；与之相对立的观点见Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks , 40。

1701499596

1701499597 (36) 亚里士多德作为埃克曼的先驱，见Carol Tavris, “A Polite Smile or the Real McCoy?”,review of Paul Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Times Books, 2003), in Scientific American , 288/6 (2003), 87—88。亚里士多德作为认知心理学评价方法的先驱，见Randolph R. Cornelius, The Science of Emotion: Research and Tradition in the Psychology of Emotion (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 115; Kagan, What Is Emotion? , 11—12; Richard Lazarus, “Relational Meaning and Discrete Emotions”, in Klaus R. Scherer, Angela Schorr, and Tom Johnstone (eds.), Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 37—67,here 40。亚里士多德作为社会心理学的先驱，见Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks , 31（引用了社会心理学家阿格妮塔· 费希尔［Agneta Fischer］）。

1701499598

1701499599 (37) Aristotle, “Art” of Rhetoric , 173—175.（中译见［古希腊］亚里士多德：《修辞学》，罗念生译，第71页。）

1701499600

1701499601 (38) Simo Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 37, 40.

1701499602

1701499603 (39) Christoph Demmerling and Hilge Landweer, Philosophie der Gefühle: Von Achtung bis Zorn (Stuttgart: Metzler, 2007), 2．又见Bruno Snell, The Discovery of the Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought , trans. T. G. Rosenmayer (New York: Harper & Row, 1960)[Ger. orig., Die Entdeckung des Geistes: Studien zur Entstehung des europäischen Denkens bei den Griechen , 1946]。

1701499604

1701499605 (40) “我们会说被恐惧‘麻痹’，被爱和嫉妒‘打击’，被悲伤‘压倒’，因为愤怒而‘疯狂’”；Robert C. Solomon, True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2007), 190。对古代情感哲学的讨论，见Rüdiger Zill, Meßkünstler und Rossebändiger: Zur Funktion von Metaphern und Modellen in philosophischen Affekttheorien , PhD diss., Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 1994。

1701499606

1701499607 (41) Aristotle, “Art” of Rhetoric , 201．又见Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , 35, 37。（中译见［古希腊］亚里士多德：《修辞学》，罗念生译，第81页。）

1701499608

1701499609 (42) A. W. Price, “Emotions in Plato and Aristotle”, in Peter Goldie (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 121—142, here 137—138.

1701499610

1701499611 (43) 对情感最感兴趣的斯多葛派学者有基提翁的芝诺（Zeno of Citium，公元前333/332—前262/261）、克利西波斯（Chrysippos，公元前281/276—前208/204）、波塞多尼奥斯（Poseidonios，公元前135—前51）、塞涅卡（Seneca，公元前1—公元65）和爱比克泰德（Epiktetos, 50—125)。关于斯多葛派及其对情感的态度，见Richard Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation: The Gifford Lectures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Margaret R. Graver, Stoicism and Emotion (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2007); Barbara Guckes (ed.), Zur Ethik der älteren Stoa (Göttingen:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004)；更早的文本见Maximilian Forschner, Diestoische Ethik: Über den Zusammenhang von Natur-, Sprach- und Moralphilosophie im altstoischen System (2nd edn., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995)。

1701499612

1701499613 (44) 关于内心的宁静，见Joachim Ritter (ed.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie , i (Basel:Schwabe, 1971), 429—433, 593。

1701499614

1701499615 (45) Martha Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001), 4—5, ch. 1.作者在细节方面超越了斯多葛派，她承认了动物的情感能力。她总体上区分了描述性的和规范性的斯多葛派方案，接受前者，拒绝后者。见Jules Evans,“ An Interview with Martha Nussbaum”, Philosophy for Life (5 February 2009) accessed 21 February 2014。

1701499616

1701499617 (46) 有关盖伦四体液说的介绍，见Jutta Kollesch and Diethard Nickel (eds.), Antike Heilkunst: Ausgewählte Texte aus den medizinischen Schriften der Griechen und Römer (Stuttgart:Reclam, 1994), 25—27。

1701499618

1701499619 (47) Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages , 41; Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , 93—98; Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind , 253—260.

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70149957e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]