打字猴:1.70149957e+09
1701499570
1701499571 (23) 我最重要的范本是特里· 伊格尔顿(Terry Eagleton)的Literary Theory: An Introduction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983)。
1701499572
1701499573 (24) 我们要感谢人种学家凯瑟琳· 卢茨,她用两句话对人类情感史做出了可能是最简明扼要的描述:“至少在过去的两千年里,西方社会对情感概念的广泛讨论通常是出于哲学、宗教、道德或最新的科学心理学的目的。其中包括柏拉图对快乐与善的关系的关注;斯多葛派认为激情天生就是邪恶的这一信条;早期的基督徒试图区分人类脆弱的情感和上帝的情感;霍布斯认为激情是行动的主要来源,自然地促进了战争与和平;卢梭认为自然的情感是有价值的,应该与文明产生的‘人为的’或虚假的情感相区分;19世纪的心理学家开始把情感看作心理生理学的本质,意识越来越不被认为是情感的重要组成部分。”参见Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 53。
1701499574
1701499575 (25) William James, “What Is an Emotion?”, Mind , 9/34 (1884), 188—205.从那以后,这个标题被多次使用,例如心理学家杰罗姆· 凯根(Jerome Kagan)的What Is Emotion?History, Measures, and Meanings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007)。
1701499576
1701499577 (26) 菲利普· 费希尔(Philip Fisher)描述了与情感有关的领域,尽管他没有给出时间顺序:“从一开始,我们对情感的认识和看法就是一个复杂的产物,在哲学、文学(尤其是史诗和悲剧)、医学、伦理学、修辞学、美学、法律和政治思想等领域的研究相互重叠,有时相互妨碍。在我们这个时代,进化生物学、心理学、人类学以及最近在大脑神经生物学方面的新研究,加上博弈论和经济学,尤其是哲学,延续了这种杂糅性,不同领域之间既共享,又相互依赖,有时相互干扰,甚至相互破坏,有时也相互合作。”参见Philip Fisher, The Vehement Passions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 7。
1701499578
1701499579 (27) 关于古希腊,见David Konstan, The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature ( Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2006);关于北美殖民地时期,见Nicole Eustace, Passion Is the Gale: Emotion, Power, and the Coming of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 481—486;关于19世纪的英国,见Thomas Dixon, From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)。
1701499580
1701499581 (28) 关于这种传播的过程,可以参考希腊—波斯—阿拉伯—印度三角中“癔症”的情感维度:Guy N. A. Attewell, Refiguring Unani Tibb: Plural Healing in Late Colonial India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2007), 225—237;关于情感本身,以及它在希腊—波斯—阿拉伯—印度—英国关系中的身体定位,见Margrit Pernau, “The Indian Body and Unani Medicine: Body History as Entangled History”, in Axel Michaels and Christoph Wulf (eds.),Images of the Body in India (London: Routledge, 2011), 97—108, esp. 104—106。
1701499582
1701499583 (29) 见LeDoux, Emotional Brain ; Klaus R. Scherer, “Nonlinguistic Vocal Indicators of Emotion and Psychopathology”, in Carroll E. Izard (ed.), Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology (New York: Plenum Press, 1979), 495—529; Barbara H. Rosenwein, “Worrying about Emotions in History”, American Historical Review , 107/3 (2002), 821—845; Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience:The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: John Murray, 1872);“affection”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Literature, and General Information ,i. A to Androphagi (11th edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910), 299—300, here 300; Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1980), 314;Karl G. Heider, Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping Three Cultures of Emotion in Indonesia (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991), 41; Brian Massumi, Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect,Sensation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002); Cesare Lombroso, L’uomo delinquentein rapporto all’antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alle discipline carcerarie ( Turin: Bocca, 1876), 651。
1701499584
1701499585 (30) Paul R. Kleinginna Jun. and Anne M. Kleinginna, “A Categorized List of Emotion Definitions, with Suggestions for a Consensual Definition”, Motivation and Emotion , 5/4(1981), 345—379.
1701499586
1701499587 (31) Stewart R. Roberts, “Nervous and Mental Influences in Angina Pectoris”, American Heart Journal , 7/1 (1931), 21—35, here 23; Beverley Fehr and James A. Russell, “Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113/3 (1984), 464—486, here 464.
1701499588
1701499589 (32) Antonio R. Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain (Orlando, FL:Harcourt, 2003), 15.
1701499590
1701499591 (33) 关于从柏拉图到奥古斯丁对于情感的思考,最简明的介绍见Barbara H. Rosenwein,Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), ch.1。
1701499592
1701499593 (34) Aristotle, The “Art” of Rhetoric , trans. John Henry Freese (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 173.更一般的版本,见Michael Krewet, Die Theorie der Gefühle bei Aristoteles (Heidelberg: Winter, 2011)。(中译见[古希腊]亚里士多德:《修辞学》,罗念生译,北京:生活· 读书· 新知三联书店,1991年,第70页。)
1701499594
1701499595 (35) William W. Fortenbaugh, Aristotle on Emotion: A Contribution to Philosophical Psychology, Rhetoric Poetics, Politics and Ethics (2nd edn., London: Duckworth, 2002), 114.该书作者认为这段话不具代表性,仅限于修辞;与之相对立的观点见Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks , 40。
1701499596
1701499597 (36) 亚里士多德作为埃克曼的先驱,见Carol Tavris, “A Polite Smile or the Real McCoy?”,review of Paul Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Times Books, 2003), in Scientific American , 288/6 (2003), 87—88。亚里士多德作为认知心理学评价方法的先驱,见Randolph R. Cornelius, The Science of Emotion: Research and Tradition in the Psychology of Emotion (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 115; Kagan, What Is Emotion? , 11—12; Richard Lazarus, “Relational Meaning and Discrete Emotions”, in Klaus R. Scherer, Angela Schorr, and Tom Johnstone (eds.), Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 37—67,here 40。亚里士多德作为社会心理学的先驱,见Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks , 31(引用了社会心理学家阿格妮塔· 费希尔[Agneta Fischer])。
1701499598
1701499599 (37) Aristotle, “Art” of Rhetoric , 173—175.(中译见[古希腊]亚里士多德:《修辞学》,罗念生译,第71页。)
1701499600
1701499601 (38) Simo Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 37, 40.
1701499602
1701499603 (39) Christoph Demmerling and Hilge Landweer, Philosophie der Gefühle: Von Achtung bis Zorn (Stuttgart: Metzler, 2007), 2.又见Bruno Snell, The Discovery of the Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought , trans. T. G. Rosenmayer (New York: Harper & Row, 1960)[Ger. orig., Die Entdeckung des Geistes: Studien zur Entstehung des europäischen Denkens bei den Griechen , 1946]。
1701499604
1701499605 (40) “我们会说被恐惧‘麻痹’,被爱和嫉妒‘打击’,被悲伤‘压倒’,因为愤怒而‘疯狂’”;Robert C. Solomon, True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2007), 190。对古代情感哲学的讨论,见Rüdiger Zill, Meßkünstler und Rossebändiger: Zur Funktion von Metaphern und Modellen in philosophischen Affekttheorien , PhD diss., Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 1994。
1701499606
1701499607 (41) Aristotle, “Art” of Rhetoric , 201.又见Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , 35, 37。(中译见[古希腊]亚里士多德:《修辞学》,罗念生译,第81页。)
1701499608
1701499609 (42) A. W. Price, “Emotions in Plato and Aristotle”, in Peter Goldie (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 121—142, here 137—138.
1701499610
1701499611 (43) 对情感最感兴趣的斯多葛派学者有基提翁的芝诺(Zeno of Citium,公元前333/332—前262/261)、克利西波斯(Chrysippos,公元前281/276—前208/204)、波塞多尼奥斯(Poseidonios,公元前135—前51)、塞涅卡(Seneca,公元前1—公元65)和爱比克泰德(Epiktetos, 50—125)。关于斯多葛派及其对情感的态度,见Richard Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation: The Gifford Lectures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Margaret R. Graver, Stoicism and Emotion (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2007); Barbara Guckes (ed.), Zur Ethik der älteren Stoa (Göttingen:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004);更早的文本见Maximilian Forschner, Diestoische Ethik: Über den Zusammenhang von Natur-, Sprach- und Moralphilosophie im altstoischen System (2nd edn., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995)。
1701499612
1701499613 (44) 关于内心的宁静,见Joachim Ritter (ed.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie , i (Basel:Schwabe, 1971), 429—433, 593。
1701499614
1701499615 (45) Martha Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001), 4—5, ch. 1.作者在细节方面超越了斯多葛派,她承认了动物的情感能力。她总体上区分了描述性的和规范性的斯多葛派方案,接受前者,拒绝后者。见Jules Evans,“ An Interview with Martha Nussbaum”, Philosophy for Life (5 February 2009) accessed 21 February 2014。
1701499616
1701499617 (46) 有关盖伦四体液说的介绍,见Jutta Kollesch and Diethard Nickel (eds.), Antike Heilkunst: Ausgewählte Texte aus den medizinischen Schriften der Griechen und Römer (Stuttgart:Reclam, 1994), 25—27。
1701499618
1701499619 (47) Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages , 41; Knuuttila, Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy , 93—98; Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind , 253—260.
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70149957e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]