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(3) accessed 28 January 2011；该链接已经无法使用，但博客的内容可以在这里找到：“Lie to Me Blog”, Lie to Me Now accessed 6 March 2014。
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(4) 这里的“泄露”概念来自埃克曼，见Ekman, “Afterword”, 363—393, here 373。
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(5) 在埃克曼漫长职业生涯的不同阶段，他对基本情感给出了不同的定义。例如，在20世纪80年代末和90年代初，他在普遍面部表情中又增加了八个特征：（1）“在其他灵长类动物身上也存在”；（2）独特的生理；（3）“前导事件的独特普遍性”；（4）“情感反应的一致性”；（5）“快速开始”；（6）“持续时间短”；（7）“自动评估”；（8）“突然出现”。见Paul Ekman, “An Argument for Basic Emotions”, Cognition and Emotion , 6/3—4 (1992), 169—200, here 175。在另一种意义上，基本情感也是“基本的”：“在处理基本的生活任务 时，情感因其适应价值而进化。”见Ekman, “Afterword”, 171，原文强调。例如，恐惧的作用是让身体做好逃跑的准备，并以这种方式帮助物种生存。
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(6) Ekman, “Afterword”, 170.
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(7) Paul Ekman and Richard J. Davidson, “Epilogue—Affective Science: A Research Agenda”,in Ekman and Davidson(eds.), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 409—430, here 413.
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(8) 关于自然科学中进步思想的谱系，见Lorraine Daston, “Fear and Loathing of the Imagination of Science”, Daedalus , 127/1 (1998), 73—95。
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(9) Paul Ekman, “Basic Emotions”, in Tim Dalgleish and Mick J. Power (eds.), Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (Chichester: Wiley, 1999), 45—60, here 46—47.
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(10) Paul Ekman, “All Emotions Are Basic”, in Ekman and Davidson (eds.), Nature of Emotion , 15—19, here 19.
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(11) 对于自己的写作方法，雷斯说：“我认为自己是一个思想史学家，以我所谓的‘当代谱系’的模式写作，我的意思是，我倾向于书写人文科学的当代发展或范式，它们有一个相对较近（也相对密集）的历史或谱系。我的目标是同时记录那些我感兴趣的发展或范式（或概念或问题）的历史，通过定位当前辩论的谱系学并批判性地评论它们来介入当下。”见Ruth Leys and Marlene Goldman, “Navigating the Genealogies of Trauma,Guilt, and Affect: An Interview with Ruth Leys”, University of Toronto Quarterly , 79/2 (2010), 656—679, here 656—657。又见Ruth Leys, Trauma: A Genealogy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 10; Ruth Leys, From Guilt to Shame: Auschwitz and After (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 13；当然还有Michel Foucault, “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History”, in Paul Rabinow(ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 76—100。
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(12) 这些埃克曼的生活和事业的细节取自他最详细的自传文本：Paul Ekman, “A Life’s Pursuit”, in Thomas A. Sebeok and Jean Umiker-Sebeok (eds.), The Semiotic Web 1986 (Berlin
:Mouton de Gruyter, 1987), 3—45。
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(13) Paul Ekman, “A Life’s Pursuit”, in Thomas A. Sebeok and Jean Umiker-Sebeok (eds.), The Semiotic Web 1986 (Berlin
:Mouton de Gruyter, 1987), 16, 10.
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(14) Ruth Leys, “How Did Fear Become a Scientific Object and What Kind of Object Is It?”, Representations , 110 (2010), 66—104, here 69.
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(15) Leys, “How Did Fear Become a Scientific Object and What Kind of Object Is It?”, 69, 88—89.
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(16) 目前还不清楚埃克曼在多大程度上模仿了达尔文，后者曾从生理学家迪谢纳· 德· 布洛涅（Duchenne de Boulogne）拍摄的50多张照片中挑选了11张照片，给24位拜访他的人看，让他们判断每张照片所表达的情感。这次家中实验的结果是，他的访客们只在一些情感上达成了一致，比如快乐、悲伤和恐惧，而对其他照片的看法却大相径庭。达尔文经常与迪谢纳通信，他认为这证实了他对迪谢纳的观点的怀疑，即每块肌肉控制着60多种不同的面部表情。达尔文和迪谢纳之间的联系多年来一直广为人知，雷斯对其进行了总结，见Leys, “How Did Fear Become a Scientific Object and What Kind of Object Is It?”, 70—75。直到2010年，达尔文这一实验的细节才为人所知，档案研究显示，在收到迪谢纳的照片后不久，他在照片的背面写道：“我不相信。这不是真的。”见Peter J. Snyder et al., “Charles Darwin’s Emotional Expression‘Experiment’ and his Contribution to Modern Neuropharmacology”, Journal ofthe History of the Neurosciences , 19/2 (2010), 158—170; Ferris Jabr,“ The Evolution of Emotion: Charles Darwin’s Little-Known Psychology Experiment”, Scientific American Observations Blog (24 May 2010) accessed 6 March 2014。
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(17) Paul Ekman, E. Richard Sorenson, and Wallace V. Friesen,“ Pan-Cultural Elements in Facial Displays of Emotion”, Science , 164/3875 (1969), 86—88, here 87．也见Leys,“ How Did Fear Become a Scientific Object and What Kind of Object Is It?”, 75—79。
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(18) Jerome Kagan, What Is Emotion? History, Measures, and Meanings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 216.
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(19) 我这里指的不是迈克尔· 巴林特（Michael Balint）精神分析意义上的“激动”，见Thrills and Regressions (London: Hogarth, 1959)。
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(20) Ekman, Sorenson, and Friesen, “Pan-Cultural Elements in Facial Displays of Emotion”, 87.
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(21) Margaret Mead, “Margaret Mead Calls ‘Discipline-Centric’ Approach to Research an‘Example of the Appalling State of the Human Sciences’”, review of Paul Ekman (ed.),Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review (New York: Academic Press, 1973), in Journal of Communication , 25/1 (1975), 209—213, here 212，原文强调。
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(22) Mead, “Margaret Mead Calls ‘Discipline-Centric’ Approach to Research”, 212.
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(23) Mead, “Margaret Mead Calls ‘Discipline-Centric’ Approach to Research”, 210.
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(24) 这里对贝特森和伯德惠斯戴尔的观点的描述来自Ekman, “Afterword”, 364—377。
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(25) Ekman, “Afterword”, 383．心理学家卡罗尔· 伊泽德（Carroll Izard）也进行了类似的实验，见Ekman, “Afterword”, 375。
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(26) Ekman, “Afterword”, 383.
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(27) Ekman, “Afterword”, 384.
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