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43这就是白日梦模式：Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Pow-ers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682.
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44 默认模式：Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682.
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44 神游模式： 在科学文献中，我所说的神游模式都是指预设模式或负任务网络；中央执行模式指正任务网络。
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44 这两种大脑状态形成了阴阳两极
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Binder, J. R., Frost, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Bellgowan, P. S., Rao, S. M., & Cox, R. W. (1999). Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: A functional MRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(1), 80–93.
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Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324.
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Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(27), 9673–9678.
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Mazoyer, B., Zago, L., Mellet, E., Bricogne, S., Etard, O., Houde, O., … Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2001). Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Research Bulletin, 54(3), 287–298.
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Shulman, G. L., Fiez, J. A., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1997). Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(5), 648–663.
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44大脑神游网络被压抑得越多：Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214( 5–6), 655–667.
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44 注意力过滤器：为了更清楚、简约地说明问题，我在这里说明一下，神经科学文献考虑了三种不同的系统：过滤器本身，显著性检测器（也被称为定向系统或重新定位系统），以及警报或警觉模式。对神经科学家而言，它们之间的差别是很重要的，但对非专业人士而言，这一点也不重要。
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44神游模式是一种网络：Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003). Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(1), 253–258.
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47 这种转换机制是由大脑中的脑岛所控制：Sridharan, D., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2008). A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(34), 12569–12574.
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脑岛也参与了注意力，因为它有助于调节身体与情感冲动。冲动通常是动态平衡缺失的信号，我们尤其需要注意这一点——例如，渴了或饿了就是明显的例子，或渴望蛋白或处于较冷的环境。但持续的关注，要求我们抑制这些冲动。我们有些人比其他人更擅长这个——对某些人来说，他们能够集中注意力，压制身体的不舒适；但对其他人而言，冲动战胜了一切，最终我们只能在冰箱上粘贴各种各样的提示。脑岛有助于平衡这些相互竞争的需求，它的一部分职责是当重要的冲动产生时，能够给意识发送信号。脑岛损伤的人更容易戒烟——因为冲动没有被向上传递到意识。
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Naqvi, N. H., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, H., & Bechara, A. (2007). Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science, 315(5811), 531–534.
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47外部两个物体之间的转换需要颞–顶枢纽的短暂参与：Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324.
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Shulman, G. L., & Corbetta, M. (2014). Two attentional networks: Identification and function within a larger cognitive architecture. In M. Posner (Ed.), The cognitive neuroscience of attention (2nd ed.) (pp. 113–128). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
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其他观点，你还可以参见 Geng, J. J., & Vossel, S. (2013). Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in attentional control: Contextual updating? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(10), 2608–2620.
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47 就像跷跷板: Meyer, M. L., Spunt, R. P., Berkman, E. T., Taylor, S. E., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). Evidence for social working memory from a parametric functional MRI study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(6), 1883–1888.
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50 丹尼尔·丹尼特认为: Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company.
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51 通常一次最多只能容纳4~5件事情：长达几十年来，我们一直接受的是乔治·米勒于1956年发现的经典：注意力限制在7±2项，现在，这一观点已经让位当代神经科学的观点精确到仅仅只有4件事物。
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Cowan, N. (2009). Capacity limits and consciousness. In T. Baynes, A. Cleeremans, & P. Wilken (Eds.), Oxford companion to consciousness (pp. 127–130). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Cowan, N. (2010). The magical mystery four: How is working memory capacity limited, and why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 51–57.
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51 人类注意力系统由4个部分组成： 认知神经学家识别了第五大部分，警告模式或警觉模式。这从概念上与注意力过滤器有所不同，但出于讨论的目的，我把它视为一种特殊的任务模式，人们在任务中保持搜索或警惕。
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当你保持警觉的时候，你会处于这种状态——休息状态被一种新的状态取代，这涉及准备检测，响应预期的信号。当我们等待电话响起的时候，等待交通灯变绿的时候，等待另一只鞋子掉下来的时候，我们都会这样做。它的特征是警觉度、感官灵敏度、觉醒度水平都较高。
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