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276 250万男性：Howlader, N., Noone, A. M., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, R., Waldron, W., … Cronin, K. A. (Eds.). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, based on November 2011 SEER data submission. 摘自 http:// seer. cancer. gov / archive/ csr/ 1975_ 2009_ pops09/。
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276 3%的人死于这种疾病：美国癌症协会. (2013). What are the key statistics about prostate cancer? 摘自 http:// www. cancer. org。
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277 激进的治疗方案来移除癌症：美国癌症协会. (2013). Prostate cancer treatment (PDQ®): Treatment option overview. 摘自 http:// www .cancer. gov。
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Scholz, M., & Blum, R. (2010). Invasion of the prostate snatchers: No more unnecessary biopsies, radical treatment or loss of sexual potency. New York, NY: Other Press, pp. 20–21.
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277 伴随癌症死亡：Groopman, J., & Hartzband, P. (2011). Your medical mind: How to decide what is right for you. New York, NY: Penguin, pp. 246–247.
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Hessels, D., Verhaegh, G. W., Schalken, J. A., & Witjes, J. A. (2004). Applicability of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 4(4), 513–526.
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277 那副作用呢?：Hugosson, J., Stranne, J., & Carlsson, S. V. (2011). Radical retropubic prostatec-tomy: A review of outcomes and side-effects. Acta Oncologica, 50(Suppl. 1), 92–97.
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National Cancer Institute. (2014). Stage I prostate cancer treatment. 摘自 http:// www. cancer. gov
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Prostate Doctor. (2011, June 4). Shortening of the penis after prostatectomy: Yes, it really happens [Web log message]. 摘自 http:// myprostatedoc . blogspot. com。
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Talcott, J. A., Rieker, P., Clark, J. A., Propert, K. J., Weeks, J. C., Beard, C. J., … Kantoff, P. W. (1998). Patient-reported symptoms after primary therapy for early prostate cancer: Results of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(1), 275–283, p. 275.
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Wilt, T. J., MacDonald R., Rutks, I., Shamliyan, T. A., Taylor, B. C., & Kane, R. L. (2008). Systematic review: Comparative effectiveness and harms of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148(6), 435–448.
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277 47/48 Schröder, F. H., Hugosson, J., Roobol, M. J., Tammela, T., Ciatto, S., Nelen, V., … Auvinen, A. (2009). Screening and prostate cancer mortality in a randomized European study. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(13), 1320–1328.
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278 高出24倍：Kao, T. C., Cruess, D. F., Garner, D., Foley, J., Seay, T., Friedrichs, P., … Moul, J. W. (2000). Multicenter patient self-reporting questionnaire on impotence, incontinence and stricture after radical prostatectomy. The Journal of Urology, 163(3), 858–864.
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Bates, T. S., Wright, M. P., & Gillatt, D. A. (1998). Prevalence and impact of incontinence and impotence following total prostatectomy assessed anonymously by the ICS-Male Questionnaire. European Urology 33(2), 165-169.
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278 20%的人会对他们的决定感到后悔 Parker-Pope, T. (2008, August 27). Regrets after prostate surgery. The New York Times.
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278 “真的很难告诉医生……”：引自Pollock, A. (2013, May 8). New test improves assessment of prostate cancer risk, study says. The New York Times, p. B3.
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279 “外科医生通常被告知……”：巴尼·科尼特, 个人交流，2014年1月30日, 纽约。
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280 每锻炼一个小时，你的寿命将延长一个小时：Science Daily Health Behavior News Service. (2012). Exercise can extend your life by as much as five years. 摘自 www. sciencedaily. com/ releases/ 2012/ 12/ 121211082810. Htm。
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280 无法与任何单个个体匹配：我们一起来看看人们平均每周花在看电视上的时间。在一个小的公寓中，也许有4个人一周看一个小时电视，1个人一周看10个小时。为了计算平均数，我们将每周的总时间相加(1+1+1+1+10=14) ，然后除以人数 (14/ 5) 得到了 2. 8。实际上，公寓中没有任何人真的看了2.8小时电视。这只是平均数。
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我在这里所说的平均数实际上就是统计概念中的平均数。
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计算集中趋势的方法有两种：中位数和众数，这些也被称为平均值。中位数也就是中间点，一半在这之上，一半在这之下。如果我们看同一公寓楼内的每周收入，分别是500美元、500美元、600美元、700美元、800美元，中位数就是600美元：一半高于600美元，一半低于600美元（按照惯例，当你每星期观看电视的小时数很长的时候，你仍然计算进入了中位数，这个数字成为中值；在电视的例子，中位数为1）。另一种方法称为众数，就是最经常出现的值。在电视的例子，众数为1。在每周收入的例子中，众数为500美元。我们需要注意，平均数、中位数、众数是不同的。它们有着不同的用途。关于它们的用途，可以参见Wheelan, C. (2013). Naked statistics: Stripping the dread from the data. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
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282 勃起功能障碍：Tuncel, A., Kirilmaz, U., Nalcacioglu, V., Aslan, Y., Polat, F., & Atan, A. (2008). The impact of transrectal prostate needle biopsy on sexuality in men and their female partners. Urology, 71(6), 1128–1131.
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285 “……医学统计与其他统计不一样” ：我希望你，亲爱的读者，当我说医学统计与其他统计不同的时候，你一定要相信我。等式中的数字永远不知道它们是用于描述癌症还是故障燃料喷嘴器的。我希望只是这一位外科医生的反应不正常，但不幸的是，我听到了太多不同的版本。幸好，比起决策，外科医生更擅长手术。但这并不意味着我们需要时刻警惕，决定某种情形下外科医生是否给了我们最好的选择。
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287 行医既是一种艺术，也是一门科学：Edwards, A., Elwyn, G., & Mulley, A. (2002). Explaining risks: Turning numerical data into meaningful pictures. BMJ, 324(7341), 827–830.
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288 白喉从175000例下降：National Immunization Program, CDC. (1999). Achievements in public health, 1900–1999 impact of vaccines universally recommended for children—United States, 1990–1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48(12), 243–248. 摘自 http:// www. cdc. gov/ mmwr/ preview / mmwrhtml/ 00056803. htm#00003753. htm。
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