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(71) Cox, K., “Bourgeo is Thought and the Behavioral Geography Debate”in Cox, K. and Golledge, R., eds., Behavioral Problems in Geography Revisited, 1981, p. 262;Bourdon的The Logic of Social Action: an Introduction to Sociological Analysis (London, 1981)一书第86页也强调了Hägerstrand的方法论个人主义。
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(72) Blaut, J., “A Radical Critique of Cultural Geographer,” Antipode, 1980, Vol. 12, p. 28. 在“从芝加哥学派到法兰克福学派”一文中,Gouldner概述了一系列现代人文地理学似乎忽视了的相关论题:参见Gouldner, A., The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology: the Origins, Grammar and Future of Ideology, 1976, pp. 118-137。
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(73) 当然, 这三个强调是Giddens对“以不同方式在社会实践结合起来的”结构维度的描述,Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Struc ture and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, pp. 81-82。
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(74) Braudel, F., On History, London, 1980, pp. 355-374;尤其参见图28到图30。
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(75) Giddens, A., A Contem porary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, pp. 169-181.
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(76) Blaikie, P., “The Theory of the Spatial Diffusion of Innovations: a Spacious Cul-de-sac,”Progress in Human Geography, 1978, Vol. 2, p. 283.
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(77) Blaut, J., “Two Views of Diffusion,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1977, Vol. 67, pp. 347-348.
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(78) Yapa, L. S., “The Green Revolution: A diffusion Model, “Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1977, Vol. 67, p. 359.
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(79) Yapa, L. S., “The Green Revolution: A diffusion Model,”Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1977, Vol. 67, p. 351。关于“结构本体论”与“事件本体论”之间的关系——以及前者与作为“社会现实不同特征”的这诸多域的“整体性”本体论之间的关系, 参见Layder, D., Structure, Interation and Social Theory, London, 1981。
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(80) Hägerstrand, T., “On Socio-technical Ecology and the Study of Innovations,”Ethnologica Europaea, 1974, Vol. 7, pp. 11 and 3.
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(81) Blaikie, P., “The Theory of the Spatial Diffusion of Innovations: a Spacious Cul-de-sac,” Progress in Human Geography, 1978, Vol. 2, p. 274.
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(82) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, p. 11.
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(83) Hägerstrand, T., “Space, Time and Human Conditions” in Karlqvist, A., Lundqvist, L. and Snickars, F., eds., Dynamic Allocation of Urban Space, London, 1975, pp. 10-11; Hägerstrand, T., “The Domain of Human Geography”in Chorley, R. J., ed., Directions in Geography, London, 1973, p. 86.
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(84) Hägerstrand, T., “What about People in Regional Science?”Papers and Proceeding of the Regional Science Association, 1970, Vol. 24, p. 11.
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(85) Hägerstrand, T., “Space, Time and Human Conditions”in Karlqvist, A., Lundqvist, L. and Snickars, F., eds., Dynamic Allocation of Urban Space, London, 1975, p. 5; van Paassen, C., “Human Geography in Terms of Existential Anthropology,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1976, Vol. 67, pp. 324-341.
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(86) Hägerstrand, 引自Carlstein, T., Time Resources, Society and Ecology, Vol. 1, Pre-industrial Societies, London, 1982, p. 56。
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(87) Hägerstrand, T., “Geography and the Study of Interaction between Nature and Society,” Geoforum, 1976, Vol. 7, p. 332; Layder对“互动结构”的探讨直接谈到了Hägerstrand的关注点:参见Layder, D., Structure, Interation and Social Theory, London, 1981; Thrift, N., “On the Determination of Social Action in Space and Time,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1983, Vol. 1, pp. 23-57。
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(88) Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary”in Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commissionon College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, p. 53.
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(89) Carlstein, T., “Innovation, Time-allocation and Space-time Packing”in Carlstein, T., Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time (3 vols), London, 1978, Vol .1, p. 149.
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(90) Harvey, D., Social Justice and the City, London, 1973, pp. 22-49; Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979; Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, pp. 169-181. 时间地理学与结构化理论之间的关系是复杂的。一方面,Pred和Carlstein显然赞同Giddens的计划,但他们坚持认为,“社会理论中出现的这种共识”在很大程度上没有能够确认出将时空与社会生活的生产和再生产“黏合”起来的“黏合剂”(Pred, A., “Social Reproduction and the Time-geography of Everyday Life, “Geogra fiska Annaler B, 1981, Vol. 63, p. 9),并且没有认识到“时间地理学迄今所做的工作对于Giddens提出的那种结构化理论绝对至关重要——因为它使我们能够“看到这种理论的实质逻辑”(Carlstein, T., “The Sociology of Structuration in Time and Space: a Time-geographic Assessment of Giddens’s Theory,” Swedish Geographical Yearbook, 1981, p. 48)。另一方面,Giddens显然利用了网状模型,而后者的总体重要性在于它强调在社会活动中,时空中的运动协调是路径或轨线的耦合;但是他声称“这种社会活动观念的重要性”并不依赖于“Hägerstrand对它的特定表述, 就后者而言可以给出各种反对意见”(Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, p. 205)。虽然Giddens没有陈述这些反对意见, 但是我认为这些反对意见本质上是理论性的:这些著述对其计划的重要意义与Goffman的The Presentation of self in Everyday Life (New York, 1959)一书对“日常生活中自我显现”的解释有很大关系,后者使人们关注社会行动者的知识性,而如我所表明, Hägerstrand并没有做到这一点。范帕森对Hägerstrand论点与Elias“隐喻”的比较在这方面具有的指导性比他预想的要大:van Paassen, C., “Human Geography in Terms of Existential Anthropology, “Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1976, Vol. 67, pp. 338-339; Elias, N., What is sociology?London, 1978。
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(91) Thrift, N., “On the Determination of Social Action in Space and Time, “Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1983, Vol. 1, p. 39fn. 对于这一建议,我有很多保留意见。首先,即便这些“连接环节”可以被赋予实质性意义——我怀疑这一点——这些关联也显然局限于劳动过程,并且确认出这些关联需要建立有关社会“解剖结构”的综合理论。其次,我认为组构和情境之间的关联是一种方法论的关联,这种关联必定受到我在下文中描述的“因果力”和“有效场”之间的关系约束。
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(92) Harvey, D, The limits to capital, Oxford, 1982, p. 106; 也见Massey, D., Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production, London, 1984。
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(93) Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, p. 8; Wright, E. O., “Giddens’s Critique of Marxism,” New Left Review, 1983, Vol. 138, p. 11.
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(94) Hägerstrand, T., “On Socio-technical Ecology and the Study of Innovations,” Ethnologica Europaea, 1974, Vol. 7, p. 10.
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(95) 参见Cutler, A., Hindess, B., Hirst, P. and Husain, A., Marx’s Capital and Capitalism Today, London, 1977, Vol. 1, p. 252。
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