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[44]C.Bradley Thompson with Yaron Brook, Neoconservatism:An Obituary for an Idea(Boulder, CO:Paradigm Publishers,2010),pp.68,106.
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[45]Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953),p.5.
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[46]Strauss, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p.5.
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[47]Strauss, Natural Right and History, p.6.
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[48]Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp.26—27,253;Strauss, An Intro-duction to Political Philosophy, pp.94—98.也可参见John G.Gunnell,“Strauss before Straussianism:Reason, Revelation, and Nature,”Review of Politics, spe-cial issue on the thought of Leo Strauss,53,no.1(Winter 1991):72—73;Lau-rence Lampert, Leo Strauss and Nietzsche(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1996),他认为尼采、柏拉图和施特劳斯都明白理性不能提供最终的真理,但它们之间的区别在于柏拉图和施特劳斯更愿意向公众隐瞒生活的这一关键事实,而尼采则在他的著作中大声而清晰地宣布了这一点。
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[49]Jonathan Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail:A Social In-tuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,”Psychological Review 108,no.4(Octo-ber 2001):827.
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[50]个人有时很少有时间思考,因此别无选择,只能根据直觉作出快速的判断。或者,有些人可能对一个问题的推理不感兴趣,因为它涉及艰苦的工作,而且可能会得出不受欢迎的结论。Alan Jacobs, How to Think:A Survival Guide for a World at Odds(New York:Currency,2017).
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[51]丹尼尔·卡尼曼(Daniel Kahneman)坚持认为,有两个体系影响我们的思考方式:第一个体系涉及快速思考,主要依赖直觉;在第二个体系中,思考速度较慢,并且依赖于仔细的推理。Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow(NewYork:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,2011),特别是第一部分。也可参见Richard H.Thaler and Cass R.Sunstein, Nudge:Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, rev.ed.(New York:Penguin,2009),它区分了自动(Automatic)和反映(Reflective)体系。这两种认知过程之间的区别广泛地反映在心理学文献中。
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[52]Antonio Damasio, Descartes’Error:Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain(New York:Penguin Books,2005).
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[53]例如,海特(Haidt)写道:“社会直觉主义模型的核心主张是,道德判断是由快速的道德直觉引起的,并在需要时伴随着缓慢的、事后的道德推理。”Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail,”p.817.一些学者认为,我们的批判能力随着时间的推移而发展,不是为了帮助我们发现真相和作出明智的决定,而是为了帮助我们赢得与他人的争论。Patricia Cohen,“Reason Seen More as Weapon than Path to Truth,”New York Times, June 14,2011;Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber,“Why Do Humans Reason?Arguments for an Argu-mentative Theory,”Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34,no.2(April 2011):57—74.
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[54]David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature(London:Clarendon Press,1896),pp.415,457.
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[55]John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action(New York:Capricorn Books,1963),p.70.
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[56]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.79.
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[57]John J.Mearsheimer,“The Aims of Education,”Philosophy and Liter-ature 22,no.1(April 1998):137—155.
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[58]Michael Powell,“A Redoubt of Learning Holds Firm,”New York Times, September 3,2012.
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[59]Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The First and Second Discourses, ed.Roger D.Masters, trans.Roger D.Masters and Judith R.Masters(New York:St.Martin’s Press,1964),p.79.
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[60]自由主义者和其他强调个人主义、轻视社会或共同体重要性的人通常承认,在自然状态下,人类不可能是原子论的个体,而且每个人必须由社会中的其他人养育。尽管如此,他们相信这个虚构的故事是思考人类状况的一个有用的理论工具。虽然这种方法有其优点,但其最大缺陷在于人类的社会性质,这对于理解世界是如何运作的非常重要,但这一点恰恰被忽视了。Jean Hampton,“Contract and Consent,”in A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, ed.Robert E.Goodin and Philip Pettit(Malden, MA:Blackwell,2007),pp.379—382.
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[61]Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe:An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criti-cism, ed.Michael Shinagel,2nd ed.(New York:Norton,1994),p.310.
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[62]Pagel, Wired for Culture.
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[63]休谟认为“欲望和自然情感的激情”使得人类社会“不可避免”。Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, p.486.
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[64]Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method, trans.Sarah A.Solovay and John H.Mueller,8th ed.(New York:Free Press,1938),p.103.
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[65]Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans.and ed.Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith(New York:International Publishers,1971),p.324.
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[66]耶尔·塔米尔强调了允许个人最大限度地灵活选择满足其需求和愿望的文化的重要性。Tamir, Liberalism and Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Prince-ton University Press,1993).
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[67]参见Christoph Frei, Hans J.Morgenthau:An Intellectual Biography(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2001);Peter Graf Kielman-segg, Horst Mewes, and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds.,Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss:German Emigrés and American Political Thought after World War II(New York:Cambridge University Press,1997),chaps.4—8;Mark Lilla,“Leo Strauss:The European,”New York Review of Books, October 21,2004;William E.Scheuerman, Morgenthau(Malden, MA:Polity Press,2009);Mi-chael C.Williams, ed.,Realism Reconsidered:The Legacy of Hans J.Morgen-thau in International Relations(New York:Oxford University Press,2007)。
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[68]Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed.J.G.A.Pocock(Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing,1987),p.85.
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