1702910070
[69]法治是一个有时与自由民主有关的概念。然而,所有的社会都需要一套规则体系来有效运作。即使是纳粹德国也有一套完善的规则体系,但这并不是说这些规则是公正的。参见Alan E.Steinweis and Robert D.Rachlin, eds.,The Law in Nazi Germany:Ideology, Opportunism, and the Perversion of Justice(New York:Berghahn,2013);Michael Stolle is and Thomas Dunlap, eds.,The Law under the Swastika:Studies on Legal History under Nazi Germany(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998)。
1702910071
1702910072
[70]在我的叙事中,无政府状态并不意味着无序或混乱,而是一种秩序原则,它表明一个社会或政治体系没有更高的权威。有了等级制度,就有了最高权威。参见Kenneth N.Waltz, Theory of International Politics(Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1979),pp.102—116。
1702910073
1702910074
[71]引自Sarah Boseley,“Power to the People,”Guardian, August 11,2008。巴拉克·奥巴马也发表了同样的评论。参见William Finnegan,“The Candidate:How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman,”New Yorker, May 31,2004。
1702910075
1702910076
[72]Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict(New York:Cambridge U-niversity Press,1992).
1702910077
1702910078
[73]Harold D.Lasswell, Politics Who Gets What, When, How(New York:Whittlesey House,1936).
1702910079
1702910080
[74]我讨论了无政府状态下规则的局限性,参见John J.Mearsheimer,“The False Promise of International Institutions,”International Security 19,no.3(Winter 1994/95):5—49。
1702910081
1702910082
[75]Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has De-clined(New York:Viking,2011),chaps.2—3.
1702910083
1702910084
[76]The Landmark Thucydides:A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, ed.Robert B.Strassler(New York:Simon&Schuster,1998),p.352.
1702910085
1702910086
[77]Joseph M.Parent, Uniting States:Voluntary Union in World Politics(New York:Oxford University Press,2011);Sebastian Rosato, Europe United:Power Politics and the Making of the European Community(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2011);Ashley J.Tellis,“The Drive to Domination:Toward a Pure Realist Theory of Politics”(PhD diss.,University of Chicago,1994).
1702910087
1702910088
[78]这种生活的基本事实是《君主论》的核心主题。马基雅维利致力于寻找一位有才干的君主,他能团结意大利的各个城邦,使意大利成为一个能够与奥地利和法国抗衡的大国,它们经常干预意大利的政治,有时是军事干预。为了实现这一目标,一个城邦的君主必须征服其他意大利城邦。马基雅维利充分意识到战胜对手将是一项特别困难的任务。例如,他写道:“但是,当一国君主在一个语言、风俗和秩序各不相同的省份中建立政权时,困难就在这里,而在这里,一个人需要拥有巨大的财富和巨大的产业来掌握它们。”Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.Harvey C.Mansfield,2nd ed.(Chicago:Uni-versity of Chicago Press,1998),pp.9—10.毫不奇怪,这部经典的书籍充满了马基雅维利关于君主如何应对来自敌对人民和领导人的抵抗的建议。尽管马基雅维利在1513年写了《君主论》,但意大利直到1870年才完全统一。
1702910089
1702910090
[79]一项关于美国新教教派分裂原因的研究发现,“对分裂的最有力的单一预测因素是衡量教派成员规模:教派越大,分裂倾向越突出”。Robert C.Liebman, John R.Sutton, and Robert Wuthnow,“Exploringthe Social Sources of Denominationalism:Schisms in American Protestant Denominations,1890—1980,”American Sociological Review 53,no.3(June 1988):343—352.也可参见James R.Lewis and Sarah M.Lewis, eds.,Sacred Schisms:How Religions Divide(New York:Cambridge University Press,2009)。
1702910091
1702910092
[80]关于现代世界的权力投射的问题,参见Patrick Porter, The Global Vil-lage Myth:Distance, War, and the Limits of Power(Washington, DC:George-town University Press,2015)。关于“水域阻止权力投射”的问题,参见John J.Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, updated ed.(New York:Norton,2014),pp.114—128。
1702910093
1702910094
[81]施密特写道:“人们可以根据他们的人类学来检验所有的国家和政治思想理论,从而将这些理论归为是否有意识或无意识地预先假定人是天生的恶或天生的善。”Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans.George Schwab(New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press,1976),p.58.
1702910095
1702910096
[82]这是卢梭《关于人与人之间不平等的起源和基础的论述》的核心主题之一,他写道:“我们的大部分问题都是由我们自己造成的,并且我们本来可以通过保留大自然给我们规定的简单的、一致的和独自的生活方式来避免几乎所有这些问题。”Rousseau, The First and Second Discourses, p.110.
1702910097
1702910098
[83]John Patrick Diggins, Why Niebuhr Now?(Chicago:University of Chi-cago Press,2011).
1702910099
1702910100
[84]Carl N.Degler, In Search of Human Nature:The Decline and Revival of Darwinismin American Social Thought(New York:Oxford University Press,1991);Dominic D.P.Johnson and Bradley A.Thayer,“The Evolution of Of-fensive Realism:Survival under Anarchy from the Pleistocene to the Present,”Politics and the Life Sciences 35,no.1(Spring 2016):1—26;Hans J.Morgen-thau, Scientific Man vs.Power Politics(London:Latimer House,1947),pp.165—167;Hans J.Morgenthau, Politics among Nations,5th ed.(New York:Knopf,1973),pp.34—35;Edward O.Wilson, Sociobiology:The New Synthe-sis,2nd ed.(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2004),chap.27;Edward O.Wilson, On Human Nature, rev.ed.(Cambridge, MA:Harvard Uni-versity Press,2004).
1702910101
1702910102
[85]John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, ed.Thomas P.Peardon(Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1952),p.4.
1702910103
1702910104
[86]Alexis de Tocqueville, The Ancien Régime and the French Revolution, trans.and ed.Gerald Bevan(New York:Penguin Books,2008),p.102.
1702910105
1702910106
[87]Sanford A.Lakoff, Equality in Political Philosophy(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1964).
1702910107
1702910108
[88]霍布斯不是自由主义者有两个原因。首先,他几乎不重视自然权利,而自然权利是自由主义的核心。其次,他呼吁建立一个特别强大的国家,这与自由主义者认为需要尽可能地限制国家权力的想法背道而驰。
1702910109
1702910110
[89]Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, p.56.也可参见pp.11—14,70—73.
1702910111
1702910112
[90]艾伦·瑞安指出:“主张或否定宽容是一个权利问题,这比任何其他问题都更能将自由主义者和非自由主义者区分开。”Ryan, The Making of Modern Liberalism(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2012),p.31.也可参见pp.22—23。
1702910113
1702910114
[91]这种观点反映在John Stuart Mill, On Liberty(Indianapolis:Bobbs-Mer-rill,1956)一书中。
1702910115
1702910116
[92]Max Weber,“Politics as a Vocation,”出自Max Weber:Essays in Soci-ology, ed.and trans.H.H.Gerth and C.Wright Mills(New York:Routledge,2009),p.78。
1702910117
1702910118
[93]引自John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action(New York:Capricorn Books,1963),p.22。
1702910119
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70291007e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]