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[59]Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The First and Second Discourses, ed.Roger D.Masters, trans.Roger D.Masters and Judith R.Masters(New York:St.Martin’s Press,1964),p.79.
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[60]自由主义者和其他强调个人主义、轻视社会或共同体重要性的人通常承认,在自然状态下,人类不可能是原子论的个体,而且每个人必须由社会中的其他人养育。尽管如此,他们相信这个虚构的故事是思考人类状况的一个有用的理论工具。虽然这种方法有其优点,但其最大缺陷在于人类的社会性质,这对于理解世界是如何运作的非常重要,但这一点恰恰被忽视了。Jean Hampton,“Contract and Consent,”in A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, ed.Robert E.Goodin and Philip Pettit(Malden, MA:Blackwell,2007),pp.379—382.
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[61]Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe:An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criti-cism, ed.Michael Shinagel,2nd ed.(New York:Norton,1994),p.310.
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[62]Pagel, Wired for Culture.
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[63]休谟认为“欲望和自然情感的激情”使得人类社会“不可避免”。Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, p.486.
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[64]Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method, trans.Sarah A.Solovay and John H.Mueller,8th ed.(New York:Free Press,1938),p.103.
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[65]Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans.and ed.Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith(New York:International Publishers,1971),p.324.
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[66]耶尔·塔米尔强调了允许个人最大限度地灵活选择满足其需求和愿望的文化的重要性。Tamir, Liberalism and Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Prince-ton University Press,1993).
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[67]参见Christoph Frei, Hans J.Morgenthau:An Intellectual Biography(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2001);Peter Graf Kielman-segg, Horst Mewes, and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds.,Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss:German Emigrés and American Political Thought after World War II(New York:Cambridge University Press,1997),chaps.4—8;Mark Lilla,“Leo Strauss:The European,”New York Review of Books, October 21,2004;William E.Scheuerman, Morgenthau(Malden, MA:Polity Press,2009);Mi-chael C.Williams, ed.,Realism Reconsidered:The Legacy of Hans J.Morgen-thau in International Relations(New York:Oxford University Press,2007)。
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[68]Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed.J.G.A.Pocock(Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing,1987),p.85.
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[69]法治是一个有时与自由民主有关的概念。然而,所有的社会都需要一套规则体系来有效运作。即使是纳粹德国也有一套完善的规则体系,但这并不是说这些规则是公正的。参见Alan E.Steinweis and Robert D.Rachlin, eds.,The Law in Nazi Germany:Ideology, Opportunism, and the Perversion of Justice(New York:Berghahn,2013);Michael Stolle is and Thomas Dunlap, eds.,The Law under the Swastika:Studies on Legal History under Nazi Germany(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998)。
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[70]在我的叙事中,无政府状态并不意味着无序或混乱,而是一种秩序原则,它表明一个社会或政治体系没有更高的权威。有了等级制度,就有了最高权威。参见Kenneth N.Waltz, Theory of International Politics(Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1979),pp.102—116。
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[71]引自Sarah Boseley,“Power to the People,”Guardian, August 11,2008。巴拉克·奥巴马也发表了同样的评论。参见William Finnegan,“The Candidate:How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman,”New Yorker, May 31,2004。
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[72]Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict(New York:Cambridge U-niversity Press,1992).
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[73]Harold D.Lasswell, Politics Who Gets What, When, How(New York:Whittlesey House,1936).
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[74]我讨论了无政府状态下规则的局限性,参见John J.Mearsheimer,“The False Promise of International Institutions,”International Security 19,no.3(Winter 1994/95):5—49。
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[75]Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has De-clined(New York:Viking,2011),chaps.2—3.
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[76]The Landmark Thucydides:A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, ed.Robert B.Strassler(New York:Simon&Schuster,1998),p.352.
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[77]Joseph M.Parent, Uniting States:Voluntary Union in World Politics(New York:Oxford University Press,2011);Sebastian Rosato, Europe United:Power Politics and the Making of the European Community(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2011);Ashley J.Tellis,“The Drive to Domination:Toward a Pure Realist Theory of Politics”(PhD diss.,University of Chicago,1994).
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[78]这种生活的基本事实是《君主论》的核心主题。马基雅维利致力于寻找一位有才干的君主,他能团结意大利的各个城邦,使意大利成为一个能够与奥地利和法国抗衡的大国,它们经常干预意大利的政治,有时是军事干预。为了实现这一目标,一个城邦的君主必须征服其他意大利城邦。马基雅维利充分意识到战胜对手将是一项特别困难的任务。例如,他写道:“但是,当一国君主在一个语言、风俗和秩序各不相同的省份中建立政权时,困难就在这里,而在这里,一个人需要拥有巨大的财富和巨大的产业来掌握它们。”Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.Harvey C.Mansfield,2nd ed.(Chicago:Uni-versity of Chicago Press,1998),pp.9—10.毫不奇怪,这部经典的书籍充满了马基雅维利关于君主如何应对来自敌对人民和领导人的抵抗的建议。尽管马基雅维利在1513年写了《君主论》,但意大利直到1870年才完全统一。
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[79]一项关于美国新教教派分裂原因的研究发现,“对分裂的最有力的单一预测因素是衡量教派成员规模:教派越大,分裂倾向越突出”。Robert C.Liebman, John R.Sutton, and Robert Wuthnow,“Exploringthe Social Sources of Denominationalism:Schisms in American Protestant Denominations,1890—1980,”American Sociological Review 53,no.3(June 1988):343—352.也可参见James R.Lewis and Sarah M.Lewis, eds.,Sacred Schisms:How Religions Divide(New York:Cambridge University Press,2009)。
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[80]关于现代世界的权力投射的问题,参见Patrick Porter, The Global Vil-lage Myth:Distance, War, and the Limits of Power(Washington, DC:George-town University Press,2015)。关于“水域阻止权力投射”的问题,参见John J.Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, updated ed.(New York:Norton,2014),pp.114—128。
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[81]施密特写道:“人们可以根据他们的人类学来检验所有的国家和政治思想理论,从而将这些理论归为是否有意识或无意识地预先假定人是天生的恶或天生的善。”Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans.George Schwab(New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press,1976),p.58.
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[82]这是卢梭《关于人与人之间不平等的起源和基础的论述》的核心主题之一,他写道:“我们的大部分问题都是由我们自己造成的,并且我们本来可以通过保留大自然给我们规定的简单的、一致的和独自的生活方式来避免几乎所有这些问题。”Rousseau, The First and Second Discourses, p.110.
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[83]John Patrick Diggins, Why Niebuhr Now?(Chicago:University of Chi-cago Press,2011).
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