打字猴:1.70291e+09
1702910000 [34]Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press,1981),p.6.其他强调我们无法在伦理或道德原则上达成共识的作品包括:Stuart Hampshire, Morality and Con-flict(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1984);Bernard Williams, Eth-ics and the Limits of Philosophy(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1985)。
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1702910002 [35]马克斯·韦伯指出了一个相关的观点:“我不知道人们希望如何‘科学地’决定法国和德国文化的价值;因为在这里,现在和将来的任何时候,不同的神也在相互斗争。”Max Weber,“Science as a Vocation,”in From Max We-ber:Essays in Sociology, ed.and trans.H.H.Gerth and C.Wright Mills(New York:Oxford University Press,1971),p.148.
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1702910004 [36]这一段中的所有引用都来自Brad S.Gregory, The Unintended Refor-mation:How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,2012),p.21。
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1702910006 [37]Brian Leiter,“Legal Realism and Legal Positivism Reconsidered,”Eth-ics 111,no.2(January 2001):285.
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1702910008 [38]Richard A.Posner, Economic Analysis of Law,9th ed.(New York:Wolters Kluwer Law&Business,2014).
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1702910010 [39]这一段中的引用来自Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle(Cam-bridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2000),pp.3,69。
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1702910012 [40]Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, p.162.
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1702910014 [41]The Essential Holmes:Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial O-pinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.,ed.Richard A.Pos-ner(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992),p.107.
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1702910016 [42]“Why Obama Voted against Roberts,”Wall Street Journal, June 2,2009.
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1702910018 [43]Irving Kristol,“Some Personal Reflections on Economic Well-Beingand Income Distribution,”in The American Economy in Transition, ed.Martin Feld-stein(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980),p.486.英国经济学家莱昂内尔·罗宾斯(Lionel Robins)同样指出,经济学“与规范和目的无关,它严格关注为特定目的而分配稀缺手段的模式构建”。引自S.M.Amadae, Ration-alizing Capitalist Democracy:The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberal-ism(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2003),p.91。
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1702910020 [44]C.Bradley Thompson with Yaron Brook, Neoconservatism:An Obituary for an Idea(Boulder, CO:Paradigm Publishers,2010),pp.68,106.
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1702910022 [45]Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953),p.5.
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1702910024 [46]Strauss, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p.5.
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1702910026 [47]Strauss, Natural Right and History, p.6.
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1702910028 [48]Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp.26—27,253;Strauss, An Intro-duction to Political Philosophy, pp.94—98.也可参见John G.Gunnell,“Strauss before Straussianism:Reason, Revelation, and Nature,”Review of Politics, spe-cial issue on the thought of Leo Strauss,53,no.1(Winter 1991):72—73;Lau-rence Lampert, Leo Strauss and Nietzsche(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1996),他认为尼采、柏拉图和施特劳斯都明白理性不能提供最终的真理,但它们之间的区别在于柏拉图和施特劳斯更愿意向公众隐瞒生活的这一关键事实,而尼采则在他的著作中大声而清晰地宣布了这一点。
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1702910030 [49]Jonathan Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail:A Social In-tuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,”Psychological Review 108,no.4(Octo-ber 2001):827.
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1702910032 [50]个人有时很少有时间思考,因此别无选择,只能根据直觉作出快速的判断。或者,有些人可能对一个问题的推理不感兴趣,因为它涉及艰苦的工作,而且可能会得出不受欢迎的结论。Alan Jacobs, How to Think:A Survival Guide for a World at Odds(New York:Currency,2017).
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1702910034 [51]丹尼尔·卡尼曼(Daniel Kahneman)坚持认为,有两个体系影响我们的思考方式:第一个体系涉及快速思考,主要依赖直觉;在第二个体系中,思考速度较慢,并且依赖于仔细的推理。Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow(NewYork:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,2011),特别是第一部分。也可参见Richard H.Thaler and Cass R.Sunstein, Nudge:Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, rev.ed.(New York:Penguin,2009),它区分了自动(Automatic)和反映(Reflective)体系。这两种认知过程之间的区别广泛地反映在心理学文献中。
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1702910036 [52]Antonio Damasio, Descartes’Error:Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain(New York:Penguin Books,2005).
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1702910038 [53]例如,海特(Haidt)写道:“社会直觉主义模型的核心主张是,道德判断是由快速的道德直觉引起的,并在需要时伴随着缓慢的、事后的道德推理。”Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail,”p.817.一些学者认为,我们的批判能力随着时间的推移而发展,不是为了帮助我们发现真相和作出明智的决定,而是为了帮助我们赢得与他人的争论。Patricia Cohen,“Reason Seen More as Weapon than Path to Truth,”New York Times, June 14,2011;Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber,“Why Do Humans Reason?Arguments for an Argu-mentative Theory,”Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34,no.2(April 2011):57—74.
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1702910040 [54]David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature(London:Clarendon Press,1896),pp.415,457.
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1702910042 [55]John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action(New York:Capricorn Books,1963),p.70.
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1702910044 [56]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.79.
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1702910046 [57]John J.Mearsheimer,“The Aims of Education,”Philosophy and Liter-ature 22,no.1(April 1998):137—155.
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1702910048 [58]Michael Powell,“A Redoubt of Learning Holds Firm,”New York Times, September 3,2012.
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