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[94]国家作为公正仲裁人的重要性在自由思想中是一个核心主题。Paul Kelly, Liberalism(Malden, MA:Polity Press,2005).
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[95]Judith N.Shklar, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, ed.Stanley Hoffmann(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998),p.3.
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[96]潘恩的完整名言是:“社会在每个国家中都是一种福祉,但政府,即使是在其最好的状态下,也只是一种必要的恶;在其最糟糕的状态下,则是一种无法容忍的恶。”Thomas Paine, Common Sense, ed.Isaac Kramnick(London:Penguin,1986),p.61.
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[97]Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans.C.D.C.Reeve(Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing,2014),p.13.
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[98]正如下一章中所讨论的,民族主义使自由主义国家与其公民之间产生深厚的联系。事实上,没有民族主义,自由民主就不能长久存在,这就是每个自由主义国家都是一个民族国家的原因。
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[99]参见Sheldon S.Wolin, Politics and Vision:Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, expanded ed.(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2004),chap.9。另外参见Karl Marx,“On the Jewish Question,”in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed.Robert C.Tucker(New York:Norton,1972),pp.24—51;Mill, On Liberty。
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[100]引自Wolin, Politics and Vision, p.280。
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[101]Markus Fischer,“The Liberal Peace:Ethical, Historical, and Philo-sophical Aspects”(BCSIA Discussion Paper 2000—07,Kennedy School of Gov-ernment, Harvard University, April 2000),p.18.费舍尔还谈到了“自由主义的空虚”(p.59)。约翰·罗尔斯清楚地意识到自由主义被“精神空虚所困扰”的指责。然而他指出,“精神问题”当然很重要,但他认为处理这些问题不是政府的事;相反,“应该将其留给每个公民自己来决定”。John Rawls, The Law of Peoples:With“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1999),p.127.
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[102]Stephen Holmes, Passions and Constraint:On the Theory of Liberal De-mocracy(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1995),p.10.
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[103]Wolin, Politics and Vision, chap.9.也可参见Carl Schmitt, The Con-cept of the Political, trans.George Schwab(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2007);Francis Fukuyama,“The End of History?”National Interest, no.16(Summer 1989),pp.3,16,18。约翰·杜威主张,当政治服从于经济时,自由主义内部发生了巨大的变革。Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, pp.7—11.
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[104]John Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism(New York:New Press,2000),p.16.也可参见John Gray, Endgames:Questions in Late Modern Political Thought(Cambridge:Polity Press,2004),pp.51—54。罗纳德·德沃金是一位自由主义的法律理论家,他自然把注意力放在法庭上,而不是政治上,并将法庭作为推动其进步自由主义议程前进的主要工具。
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[105]Niccolò Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans.Julia C.Bondanella and Peter Bondanella(New York:Oxford University Press,2009).
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[106]关于洛克对无神论者和天主教徒的无法容忍,参见David J.Lorenzo,“Traditionand Prudence in Locke’s Exceptions to Toleration,”American Journal of Political Science 47,no.2(April 2003):248—258。朱迪丝·施克莱写道,自由主义“必须反对那些不承认个人和公众领域有任何区别的政治学说。由于宽容作为对公共行为体不可或缺的限制的首要性,自由主义者必须总是划出这样的界限”。Shklar, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, p.6.
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[107]Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism, p.3.
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[108]Holmes, Passions and Constraint, p.2.古典自由主义与权宜自由主义是同义词。
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[109]艾伦·瑞安指出,古典(权宜)自由主义者与现代(进步)自由主义者不同,“他们对道德和文化进步的理想并不表现出任何特殊的依恋”。Ryan,The Making of Modern Liberalism, p. 24.
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[110]Isaac Kramnick, ed.,The Portable Enlightenment Reader(New York:Penguin Books,1995),pp.xi—xii.
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[111]Jeremy Waldron,“Theoretical Foundations of Liberalism,”Philosophi-cal Quarterly 37,no.147(April 1987):134.
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[112]Quoted in Kramnick, The Portable Enlightenment Reader, p.xi.
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[113]Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle(Cambridge, MA:Harvard Uni-versity Press,2000),p.203.
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[114]这一段的引文出自Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, pp.119,145,187,203。公允而论,德沃金理解将道德原则运用于疑难案件是极其困难的,正因为此,他认为“赫拉克勒斯”(Hercules)是自己的理想法官。参见Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1986),pp.238—240。
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[115]Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man(New York:Free Press,1992),p.xii.这段其余的引用来自Fukuyama,“The End of Histo-ry?,”pp.4,5,18。
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[116]这段的引用出自Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined(New York:Viking,2011),pp.182,650,662,690—691。在第692页,像福山在谈论自由民主不可避免的传播一样,平克写道:“许多起源于西欧或美国海岸的自由化改革,在一段时间之后,被世界上更保守的地区所效仿。”
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[117]Jeremy Waldron,“How Judges Should Judge,”review of Justice in Robes, by Ronald Dworkin, New York Review of Books, August 10,2006.
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[118]这段的引用出自Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, pp.296,298,338。
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