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[119]这段的引用出自Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, pp.128,294,332,334。毫不惊奇的是,福山如今对于他的1989年的预言比他在1992年写《历史的终结与最后的人》时更加缺乏信心。例如,参见Francis Fukuyama,“At the‘End of History’Still Stands Democracy,”Wall Street Jour-nal, June 6,2014。
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[120]Stephen Holmes,“The Scowl of Minerva,”New Republic, March 23,1992,p.28.德沃金和平克有时也会从他们关于理性可以将我们带向何方的大胆主张中退却,尽管不像福山那样明显。例如,德沃金承认,他对理性力量的乐观观点显然在律师中占少数,这削弱了他关于理性可以引导律师和法官在困难案件中就“正确答案”达成共识的主张。用德沃金自己的话来说:“如果律师和法官对于法律是什么存在分歧,也没有人以任何方式提出压倒性的观点,那么坚持一种观点是正确的而另一种观点是错误的,这又有什么意义呢?”Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, p.3.当然,答案是,这毫无意义。对于平克而言,尽管他强调“理性的滚梯”,但他明确表示,暴力的持续下降并不是大势所趋。例如,他写道:“可以肯定的是,这种下降并不是平稳的;它没有将暴力降到零;而且也不能保证持续下去。”此外,他毫不犹豫地强调人类仍然具有高度的侵略性,他写道:“我们大多数人,包括你,亲爱的读者,都有暴力倾向。”他进一步指出,仍有一个强大的战略逻辑在发挥作用,他称之为和平主义者的困境,这可能是导致冲突的一个重要原因。因此,他总结道:“贪婪、恐惧、支配和欲望等动机不断地驱使我们走向侵略。”当然,他的希望是,我们天性中更良善的天使将继续战胜我们天性中更黑暗的一面,但他承认,无法保证这些会在未来发生。Pinker, Better Angels, pp.xxi,483,678—680,695.
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[121]Deborah Boucoyannis,“The International Wanderings of a Liberal Idea, or Why Liberals Can Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Balance of Power,”Perspectives on Politics 5,no.4(December 2007):707—708;Michael C.De-sch,“America’s Liberal Illiberalism:The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U.S.Foreign Policy,”International Security 32,no.3(Winter 2007/8):11—15;Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism, pp.2,19,27—29,34,70,137;Kenneth N.Waltz,“Kant, Liberalism, and War,”American Political Science Review 56,no.2(June 1962):331—340.
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[122]Waltz,“Kant, Liberalism, and War,”p.331.
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[123]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.34,85.
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[124]这一引用与后一个引用都出自John Rawls, Political Liberalism, ex-pandeded.(New York:Columbia University Press,2005),p.xxxvii。
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[125]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.25,125.有关罗尔斯对公共理性的观点的详述,参见Political Liberalism, pp.xlviii—lviii,212—254,440—490。也可参见他对“审慎的理性”的讨论,A Theory of Justice(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,1971),pp.416—424。
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[126]George Klosko, Democratic Procedures and Liberal Consensus(New York:Oxford University Press,2004),p.vii.也可参见George Klosko,“Rawls’s‘Political’Philosophy and American Democracy,”American Political Science Review 87,no.2(June 1993):348—359;Gerald N.Rosenberg,“MuchAdo about Nothing?The Emptiness of Rights’Claims in the Twenty-First Century United States,”in“Revisiting Rights,”ed.Austin Sarat, special issue, Studies in Law, Politics, and Society(Bingley, UK:Emerald Group,2009),pp.1—41;Shaun P.Young,“Rawlsian Reasonableness:A Problematic Presumption?,”Ca-nadian Journal of Political Science 39,no.1(March 2006):159—180。
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[127]这段中的引用出自Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.74,81。
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[128]这段中的引用出自Rawls, Political Liberalism, p.xxv。
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[129]Rawls, Political Liberalism, p.xl.
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[130]引自Young,“Rawlsian Reasonableness,”p.162。听起来是同样的主题,罗尔斯写道:“人们往往有最终目的,要求他们互相反对而不是妥协。如果这些目的被认为是足够基本的,并且如果一个或多个社会拒绝接受政治上合理的想法以及与之相关的思想谱系,那么它们之间可能会出现僵局,并且战争就会像美国南北内战一样来临。”Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.123.
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[131]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.126.
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[132]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.98—105.
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[133]Harold J.Laski, The Rise of European Liberalism:An Essay in Interpre-tation(London:Allen&Unwin,1947);C.B.Macpherson, The Political Theo-ry of Possessive Individualism:Hobbes to Locke(New York:Oxford University Press,1975).
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[134]F.A.Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty:The Definitive Edition(Chi-cago:University of Chicago Press,2011),p.57.
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[135]Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, p.148.第六章中更加普遍。威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳(William Graham Sumner)对自由也持类似的看法。参见Robert C.Bannister, ed.,On Liberty, Society, and Politics:The Essential Essays of William Graham Sumner(Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1992);William Graham Sumner, The Forgotten Man and Other Essays(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,1919)。
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[136]也可参见Brian Barry, Why Social Justice Matters(Malden, MA:Polity Press,2005);Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality(New York:Basic Books,1983)。凯利强调在自由主义中促进对进步自由主义者的机会平等的重要性。
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[137]Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, pp.4,179;Rawls, A Theory of Justice.
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[138]Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, p.188.
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[139]关于冷战时期社会科学家如何为美国服务的讨论,参见Joy Rohde, Armed with Expertise:The Militarization of American Social Research during the Cold War(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2013);Mark Solovey and Hamilton Cravens, eds.,Cold War Science:Knowledge Production, Liberal De-mocracy, and Human Nature(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2012)。
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[140]罗尔斯不愿意接受国家,这体现在《万民法》中,他故意避免把注意力集中在通常被认为是国际政治主要行动者的国家身上,相反,他主要谈论的是通常不被国际关系学者重视的人民。
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[141]参见Gary Gerstle, Liberty and Coercion:The Paradox of American Government from the Founding to the Present(Princeton, NJ:Princeton Universi-ty Press,2015),它描述了美国干预主义国家的力量随着时间的推移而不断增强,以及权宜自由主义如何以有限的方式影响它。
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[142]Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent:The Rise and Fall of the Progres-sive Movementin America,1870—1920(New York:Oxford University Press,2003);Charles Postel, The Populist Vision(New York:Oxford University Press,2007);Stephen Skowronek, Stephen M.Engel, and Bruce Ackerman, eds.,The Progressives’Century:Political Reform, Constitutional Government, and the Modern American State(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,2016);Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America:Culture and Society in the Gilded Age(New York:Hill and Wang,1982);Robert H.Wiebe, The Search for Or-der,1877—1920(New York:Hill and Wang,1967).
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[143]David Burner, Herbert Hoover:A Public Life(New York:Knopf,1978);Ellis W.Hawley,“Neo-institutional History and the Understanding of Herbert Hoover,”in Understanding Herbert Hoover:Ten Perspectives, ed.Lee Nash(Stanford, CA:Hoover Institution Press,1987),pp.65—84;Glen Jean-sonne, Herbert Hoover:A Life(New York:New American Library,2016);Joan Hoff Wilson, Herbert Hoover:Forgotten Progressive(Long Grove, IL:Waveland Press,1992).
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