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[109]艾伦·瑞安指出,古典(权宜)自由主义者与现代(进步)自由主义者不同,“他们对道德和文化进步的理想并不表现出任何特殊的依恋”。Ryan,The Making of Modern Liberalism, p. 24.
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[110]Isaac Kramnick, ed.,The Portable Enlightenment Reader(New York:Penguin Books,1995),pp.xi—xii.
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[111]Jeremy Waldron,“Theoretical Foundations of Liberalism,”Philosophi-cal Quarterly 37,no.147(April 1987):134.
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[112]Quoted in Kramnick, The Portable Enlightenment Reader, p.xi.
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[113]Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle(Cambridge, MA:Harvard Uni-versity Press,2000),p.203.
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[114]这一段的引文出自Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, pp.119,145,187,203。公允而论,德沃金理解将道德原则运用于疑难案件是极其困难的,正因为此,他认为“赫拉克勒斯”(Hercules)是自己的理想法官。参见Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1986),pp.238—240。
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[115]Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man(New York:Free Press,1992),p.xii.这段其余的引用来自Fukuyama,“The End of Histo-ry?,”pp.4,5,18。
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[116]这段的引用出自Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined(New York:Viking,2011),pp.182,650,662,690—691。在第692页,像福山在谈论自由民主不可避免的传播一样,平克写道:“许多起源于西欧或美国海岸的自由化改革,在一段时间之后,被世界上更保守的地区所效仿。”
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[117]Jeremy Waldron,“How Judges Should Judge,”review of Justice in Robes, by Ronald Dworkin, New York Review of Books, August 10,2006.
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[118]这段的引用出自Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, pp.296,298,338。
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[119]这段的引用出自Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, pp.128,294,332,334。毫不惊奇的是,福山如今对于他的1989年的预言比他在1992年写《历史的终结与最后的人》时更加缺乏信心。例如,参见Francis Fukuyama,“At the‘End of History’Still Stands Democracy,”Wall Street Jour-nal, June 6,2014。
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[120]Stephen Holmes,“The Scowl of Minerva,”New Republic, March 23,1992,p.28.德沃金和平克有时也会从他们关于理性可以将我们带向何方的大胆主张中退却,尽管不像福山那样明显。例如,德沃金承认,他对理性力量的乐观观点显然在律师中占少数,这削弱了他关于理性可以引导律师和法官在困难案件中就“正确答案”达成共识的主张。用德沃金自己的话来说:“如果律师和法官对于法律是什么存在分歧,也没有人以任何方式提出压倒性的观点,那么坚持一种观点是正确的而另一种观点是错误的,这又有什么意义呢?”Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, p.3.当然,答案是,这毫无意义。对于平克而言,尽管他强调“理性的滚梯”,但他明确表示,暴力的持续下降并不是大势所趋。例如,他写道:“可以肯定的是,这种下降并不是平稳的;它没有将暴力降到零;而且也不能保证持续下去。”此外,他毫不犹豫地强调人类仍然具有高度的侵略性,他写道:“我们大多数人,包括你,亲爱的读者,都有暴力倾向。”他进一步指出,仍有一个强大的战略逻辑在发挥作用,他称之为和平主义者的困境,这可能是导致冲突的一个重要原因。因此,他总结道:“贪婪、恐惧、支配和欲望等动机不断地驱使我们走向侵略。”当然,他的希望是,我们天性中更良善的天使将继续战胜我们天性中更黑暗的一面,但他承认,无法保证这些会在未来发生。Pinker, Better Angels, pp.xxi,483,678—680,695.
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[121]Deborah Boucoyannis,“The International Wanderings of a Liberal Idea, or Why Liberals Can Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Balance of Power,”Perspectives on Politics 5,no.4(December 2007):707—708;Michael C.De-sch,“America’s Liberal Illiberalism:The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U.S.Foreign Policy,”International Security 32,no.3(Winter 2007/8):11—15;Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism, pp.2,19,27—29,34,70,137;Kenneth N.Waltz,“Kant, Liberalism, and War,”American Political Science Review 56,no.2(June 1962):331—340.
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[122]Waltz,“Kant, Liberalism, and War,”p.331.
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[123]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.34,85.
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[124]这一引用与后一个引用都出自John Rawls, Political Liberalism, ex-pandeded.(New York:Columbia University Press,2005),p.xxxvii。
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[125]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.25,125.有关罗尔斯对公共理性的观点的详述,参见Political Liberalism, pp.xlviii—lviii,212—254,440—490。也可参见他对“审慎的理性”的讨论,A Theory of Justice(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,1971),pp.416—424。
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[126]George Klosko, Democratic Procedures and Liberal Consensus(New York:Oxford University Press,2004),p.vii.也可参见George Klosko,“Rawls’s‘Political’Philosophy and American Democracy,”American Political Science Review 87,no.2(June 1993):348—359;Gerald N.Rosenberg,“MuchAdo about Nothing?The Emptiness of Rights’Claims in the Twenty-First Century United States,”in“Revisiting Rights,”ed.Austin Sarat, special issue, Studies in Law, Politics, and Society(Bingley, UK:Emerald Group,2009),pp.1—41;Shaun P.Young,“Rawlsian Reasonableness:A Problematic Presumption?,”Ca-nadian Journal of Political Science 39,no.1(March 2006):159—180。
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[127]这段中的引用出自Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.74,81。
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[128]这段中的引用出自Rawls, Political Liberalism, p.xxv。
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[129]Rawls, Political Liberalism, p.xl.
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[130]引自Young,“Rawlsian Reasonableness,”p.162。听起来是同样的主题,罗尔斯写道:“人们往往有最终目的,要求他们互相反对而不是妥协。如果这些目的被认为是足够基本的,并且如果一个或多个社会拒绝接受政治上合理的想法以及与之相关的思想谱系,那么它们之间可能会出现僵局,并且战争就会像美国南北内战一样来临。”Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.123.
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[131]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.126.
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[132]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.98—105.
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[133]Harold J.Laski, The Rise of European Liberalism:An Essay in Interpre-tation(London:Allen&Unwin,1947);C.B.Macpherson, The Political Theo-ry of Possessive Individualism:Hobbes to Locke(New York:Oxford University Press,1975).
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