打字猴:1.70291022e+09
1702910220 [144]Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform:New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War(New York:Knopf,1995);Alan Brinkley, Liberalism and Its Discon-tents(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1998),chap.7;David Ciep-ley, Liberalism in the Shadow of Totalitarianism(Cambridge, MA:Harvard Uni-versity Press,2006);Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform:From Bryan to F.D.R.(New York:Knopf,1981).
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1702910222 [145]Rick Unger,“Who Is the Smallest Government Spender since Eisenhow-er?Would You Believe It’s Barack Obama?,”Forbes, May 24,2012.克里斯托弗·费里西(Christopher Faricy)写道,当他考察1967年至2006年间的直接和间接政府开支时,他发现“统计上没有确凿证据表明,联邦政府的民主控制导致社会总开支达到更高水平”。Christopher Faricy,“The Politics of Social Poli-cy in America:The Causes and Effects of Indirect versus Direct Social Spending,”Journal of Politics 73,no.1(January 2011):74.也可参见Robert X.Browning,“Presidents, Congress, and Policy Outcomes:U.S.Social Welfare Expendi-tures,1949—77,”American Journal of Political Science 29,no.2(May 1985):197—216;Andrew C.Pickering and James Rockey,“Ideology and the Size of US State Government,”Public Choice 156,nos.3/4(September 2013):443—465。
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1702910224 [146]引自Henry Olsen,“Here’s How Ronald Reagan Would Fix the GOP’s Health-Care Mess,”Washington Post, June 22,2017。
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1702910226 [147]Libertarian Party,“2016 Platform,”adopted May 2016,https://www.lp.org/platform/.自由党对“个人主权”的强调说明了它对国家的怀疑有多深,如果不是敌视的话。主权意味着谁拥有最高权力,也即意味着如果个人“对自己的生活拥有主权”,那么个人将拥有最终的权威来批准或不批准国家作出的每一项决定。从定义上讲,这种情况几乎不可能使一个主权国家能够有效地统治个人。Mariya Grinberg,“Indivisible Sovereignty:Delegation of Authority and Exit Option”(unpublished paper, University of Chicago, April 24,2017).
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1702910228 [148]Walter Lippmann, Drift and Mastery:An Attempt to Diagnose the Cur-rent Unrest(Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall,1961),p.147.
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1702910230 [149]John Dewey, The Public and Its Promises:An Essay in Political Inquiry(University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,2012),p.94.关于这种现象的更详细的讨论,请参见第四章。也请参见Gillis J.Harp, Positivist Republic:Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism,1865—1920(Uni-versity Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,1995)。
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1702910232 [150]英国是第一个以严肃的方式实现工业化的国家,并且在工业化的早期阶段,深度参与到经济管理之中。参见Peer Vries, State, Economy and the Great Divergence:Great Britain and China,1650s—1850s(New York:Blooms-bury Academic,2015)。19世纪晚期,工业革命以强大的力量冲击美国时,美国政府也发挥了类似的作用。然而,这个国家的影响力在整个19世纪都有了实质性的增长。参见Brian Balogh, A Government Out of Sight:The Mystery of National Authority in Nineteenth-Century America(New York:Cambridge Univer-sity Press,2009)。
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1702910234 [151]Bernard E.Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets:Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2011).
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1702910236 [152]参见丹尼尔·德德尼(Daniel Deudney)关于核武器如何增强国家间的“暴力相互依赖”的讨论,这对国内和国际政治都有重大影响。Deudney, Bounding Power:Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2007).
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1702910238 [153]Jennifer Mittelstadt, The Rise of the Military Welfare State(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2015).
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1702910240 [154]Morris Janowitz, Social Control of the Welfare State(New York:Elsevi-er,1976),pp.37—38.也见Ellis W.Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order:A History of the American People and Their Institutions,1917—1933(New York:St.Martin’s Press,1979)。
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1702910242 [155]Irwin F.Gellman, The President and the Apprentice:Eisenhower and Nixon,1952—1961(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,2015),p.478.
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1702910244 [156]这段中所有的引用都出自Mary L.Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights:Race and the Image of American Democracy(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2000),p.12。也可参见Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line:American Race Relations in the Global Arena(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,2001)。
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1702910246 [157]Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote:The Contested History of Democ-racy in the United States(New York:Basic Books,2000),p.xxi.
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1702910248 [158]Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers:The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1992),pp.59—60.
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1702910250 [159]Glenn C.Altschuler and Stuart M.Blumin, The GI Bill:A New Deal for Veterans(New York:Oxford University Press,2009);Edward Humes, Over Here:How the G.I.Bill Transformed the American Dream(New York:Har-court,2006).
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1702910252 [160]John Troyer, ed.,The Classical Utilitarians:Bentham and Mill(Indian-apolis:Hackett Publishing,2003),p.92.
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1702910254 [161]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.19.
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1702910256 [162]David Armitage, The Declation of Independence:A Global History(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2008),p.80.更多边沁在个人权利上的观点,参见pp.78—81,173—186。
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1702910258 [163]Troyer, The Classical Utilitarians, p.92.
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1702910260 [164]Borcoyannis,“The International Wanderings of a Liberal Idea,”p.709.
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1702910262 [165]引自Wolin, Politics and Vision, p.298。
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1702910264 [166]引自E.H.Carr, The Twenty Years’Crisis:An Introduction to the Study of International Relations(London:Macmillan,1962),p.24。
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1702910266 [167]Mill, On Liberty, p.14.
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1702910268 [168]国际关系文献中有一种功利主义理论,通常被称为博弈论。参见James Fearon,“Rationalist Explanations for War,”International Organization 49,no.3(Summer 1995):379—414;Dan Reiter,“Exploring the Bargaining Model of War,”Perspectives on Politics 1,no.1(March 2003):27—43;Thomas C.Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1960),chaps.2—3。这篇文献首先提出一种观察:战争是一种效率低下、代价高昂的争端解决方式,因此,各国通过谈判以达成协议这种和平的方式解决分歧是非常有意义的,而不是在战场上奋战到底。博弈论理论家认为,三个因素决定了竞争国家达成协议而不是相互斗争的可能性。必须有“议题可分割性”,这实际上意味着双方的分歧必须服从于妥协。双方必须愿意在博弈中放弃一些他们认为重要的东西。此外,双方必须对它们之间的实际均势有很好的了解,这样它们就知道一旦战斗爆发谁会获胜。最后,双方行为体必须能够对达成的协议作出可信的承诺。双方都需要对对方不会对已达成的协议进行抵赖有信心。这不是评价博弈论的地方,与所有理论一样,博弈论也有正面效应和负面效应。关键在于像功利主义一样,博弈论不是一种自由主义理论,因此它不在本书的讨论范围内。
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