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[151]Bernard E.Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets:Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2011).
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[152]参见丹尼尔·德德尼(Daniel Deudney)关于核武器如何增强国家间的“暴力相互依赖”的讨论,这对国内和国际政治都有重大影响。Deudney, Bounding Power:Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2007).
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[153]Jennifer Mittelstadt, The Rise of the Military Welfare State(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2015).
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[154]Morris Janowitz, Social Control of the Welfare State(New York:Elsevi-er,1976),pp.37—38.也见Ellis W.Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order:A History of the American People and Their Institutions,1917—1933(New York:St.Martin’s Press,1979)。
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[155]Irwin F.Gellman, The President and the Apprentice:Eisenhower and Nixon,1952—1961(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,2015),p.478.
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[156]这段中所有的引用都出自Mary L.Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights:Race and the Image of American Democracy(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2000),p.12。也可参见Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line:American Race Relations in the Global Arena(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,2001)。
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[157]Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote:The Contested History of Democ-racy in the United States(New York:Basic Books,2000),p.xxi.
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[158]Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers:The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1992),pp.59—60.
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[159]Glenn C.Altschuler and Stuart M.Blumin, The GI Bill:A New Deal for Veterans(New York:Oxford University Press,2009);Edward Humes, Over Here:How the G.I.Bill Transformed the American Dream(New York:Har-court,2006).
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[160]John Troyer, ed.,The Classical Utilitarians:Bentham and Mill(Indian-apolis:Hackett Publishing,2003),p.92.
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[161]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.19.
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[162]David Armitage, The Declation of Independence:A Global History(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2008),p.80.更多边沁在个人权利上的观点,参见pp.78—81,173—186。
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[163]Troyer, The Classical Utilitarians, p.92.
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[164]Borcoyannis,“The International Wanderings of a Liberal Idea,”p.709.
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[165]引自Wolin, Politics and Vision, p.298。
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[166]引自E.H.Carr, The Twenty Years’Crisis:An Introduction to the Study of International Relations(London:Macmillan,1962),p.24。
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[167]Mill, On Liberty, p.14.
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[168]国际关系文献中有一种功利主义理论,通常被称为博弈论。参见James Fearon,“Rationalist Explanations for War,”International Organization 49,no.3(Summer 1995):379—414;Dan Reiter,“Exploring the Bargaining Model of War,”Perspectives on Politics 1,no.1(March 2003):27—43;Thomas C.Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1960),chaps.2—3。这篇文献首先提出一种观察:战争是一种效率低下、代价高昂的争端解决方式,因此,各国通过谈判以达成协议这种和平的方式解决分歧是非常有意义的,而不是在战场上奋战到底。博弈论理论家认为,三个因素决定了竞争国家达成协议而不是相互斗争的可能性。必须有“议题可分割性”,这实际上意味着双方的分歧必须服从于妥协。双方必须愿意在博弈中放弃一些他们认为重要的东西。此外,双方必须对它们之间的实际均势有很好的了解,这样它们就知道一旦战斗爆发谁会获胜。最后,双方行为体必须能够对达成的协议作出可信的承诺。双方都需要对对方不会对已达成的协议进行抵赖有信心。这不是评价博弈论的地方,与所有理论一样,博弈论也有正面效应和负面效应。关键在于像功利主义一样,博弈论不是一种自由主义理论,因此它不在本书的讨论范围内。
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[169]“自由理想主义”有时被称为“新自由主义”。
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[170]艾伦·瑞安把杜威称为“中西部的托马斯·希尔·格林(Thomas Hill Green)”。Alan Ryan, John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism(New York:Norton,1995),p.12.
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[171]Jack Crittenden, Beyond Individualism:Reconstituting the Liberal Self(New York:Oxford University Press,1992),p.154.也可参见Gerald F.Gaus, The Modern Liberal Theory of Man(New York:St.Martin’s Press,1983);Ste-phen Macedo, Liberal Virtues:Citizenship, Virtue, and Community in Liberal Constitutionalism(New York:Oxford University Press,1990);Avital Simhony and D.Weinstein, eds.,The New Liberalism:Reconciling Liberty and Communi-ty(New York:Cambridge University Press,2001)。值得注意的是,我称之为进步自由主义的、对罗尔斯自由主义的社群主义批判,对近几十年来促进自由理想主义著作的增长起到了关键作用。参见Simhony and Weinstein, The New Liberalism。
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[172]T.H.Green, Prolegomena to Ethics,3rd ed.(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1890),p.311.
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[173]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.25.
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[174]G.W.F.Hegel, Hegel:Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed.Al-len W.Wood(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991).
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[175]直接与自然权利的概念相比,托马斯·希尔·格林写道:“因此,没有人可以拥有权利,除非:(1)作为一个社会成员;(2)社会成员承认某些共同的利益是他们自身的理想利益,即他们每个人都应该拥有的利益。”Green, Lec-tures on the Principles of Political Obligation(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1967),p.45.在这一点上的更多内容,参见Simhony and Weinstein, The New Liberalism, p.16。
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