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[176]自由理想主义者实际上认为自由主义和民族主义可以整合成一个统一的意识形态。我的观点是,它们是具有不同核心逻辑的独立的主义,因此不能统一。然而,它们可以在国家内部共存,尽管这两个主义总是有可能发生冲突。
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[177]博赞基特的引用出自Jeanne Morefield, Covenants without Swords:I-dealist Liberalism and the Spirit of Empire(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2005),p.46。格林的引用出自他的Lectures on the Principles of Politi-cal Obligation, p.175。关于格林在“世界民族主义”上的观点,参见Duncan Bell and Casper Sylvest,“International Society in Victorian Political Thought:T.H.Green, Herbert Spencer and Henry Sidgwick,”Modern Intellectual History 3,no.2(August 2006):220—221。
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[178]Carr, The Twenty Years’Crisis, p.46.
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[179]Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment:Self-Determination and the Inter-national Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism(New York:Oxford University Press,2007).
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[180]John Dewey,“Nationalizing Education,”in John Dewey:The Middle Works,1899—1924,vol.10(Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press,1980),p.202.关于19世纪后半叶和20世纪初如何看待民族主义的讨论,参见Mark Mazower, Governing the World:The History of an Idea,1815 to the Present(New York:Penguin Books,2012),pp.48—54,60—67;Casper Syl-vest,“James Bryce and the Two Faces of Nationalism,”in British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier, ed.Ian Hall and Lisa Hill(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2009),pp.161—179。
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[181]Dewey,“Nationalizing Education,”p.203;Alfred E.Zimmern, Na-tionality and Government with Other War-Time Essays(New York:Robert M.McBride,1918),pp.61—86.这一章是基于齐默恩在1915年6月发表的一篇演讲。
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[182]Zimmern, Nationality and Government with Other War-Time Essays, p.100.
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[183]Hegel, Hegel:Elements of the Philosophy of Right, p.282.
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[184]自由理想主义对国家的矛盾心理在格林关于政治义务原则的讲座中得到了清晰的体现。英国理论家不能完全接受黑格尔的另一个原因是19世纪末20世纪初越来越激烈的英德对抗,这在第一次世界大战中达到顶峰。参见Morefield, Covenants without Swords, pp.57—72。
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[185]Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.2.
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[186]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.388.
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[187]Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.29.
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[188]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.311.
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[189]L.T.Hobhouse, Liberalism(London:Butterworth,1911),p.136.
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[190]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.311.
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[191]A.D.Lindsay,“Introduction,”in Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.vi.
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[192]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.70.
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[193]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.69.
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[194]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.65.
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[195]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, pp.72,73,86,91.
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[196]关于默里和齐默恩,参见Morefield, Covenants without Swords。
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[197]Zimmern, Nationality and Government with Other War-Time Essays, p.61.
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[198]Morefield, Covenants without Swords, p.156.
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[199]社群主义者一直是自由主义的假定的主要批评者,用迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael Sandel)的话来说,其假定是人类天生就是“无负担”的个体。对于社群主义者和自由主义者在这个问题和其他问题上的争论的抽样调查,参见Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, Communitarianism and Individualism(New York:Oxford University Press,2011)。桑德尔的引用出自第18页。
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[200]民族是一个抽象的概念,它不能采取行动,但我用这个词简略指出其成员,特别是其精英,他们有能动性并且有能力采取行动以推进他们的政治目标,如国家性(statehood)。当我使用国家一词时,同样的逻辑也是适用的,在此情况下,拥有能动性的是政治领导人。
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