打字猴:1.70291062e+09
1702910620
1702910621 [344]Sebastian Rosato,“The Inscrutable Intentions of Great Powers,”Inter-national Security 39,no.3(Winter 2014/2015):48—88.
1702910622
1702910623 [345]Joseph M.Parent and Sebastian Rosato,“Balancing in Neorealism,”In-ternational Security 40,no.2(Fall 2015):51—86.
1702910624
1702910625 [346]引自Evan Luard, Basic Texts in International Relations:The Evolution of Ideas about International Society(London:Macmillan,1992),p.166。
1702910626
1702910627 [347]没有一个国家能够成为全球霸主,主要是因为地理条件的限制。地球的绝对规模,再加上一些巨大海洋的存在,使得主导它的全部是不可能的。一个国家至多是希望成为一个地区霸主,这意味着主导世界中自己所在的地区。例如,美国自19世纪末以来一直是西半球的一个地区霸主。进一步阐述参见Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp.40—42。正如下面所讨论的,排除全球霸权的相同因素使世界国家变为不可能。
1702910628
1702910629 [348]Robert B.Strassler, ed.,The Landmark Thucydides:A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War(New York:Simon&Schuster,1998).
1702910630
1702910631 [349]Markus Fischer,“Feudal Europe,800—1300:Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices,”International Organization 46,no.2(Spring 1992):427—466.
1702910632
1702910633 [350]Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has De-clined(NewYork:Viking,2011),p.55.
1702910634
1702910635 [351]Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed.C.B.Macpherson(Harmondsworth, UK:Penguin,1986),p.186.
1702910636
1702910637 [352]正如前一章所强调的,自由主义的一个主要弱点是它把生活在一个国家里的人视为原子论的个体,而实际上,他们本质上是社会存在的。然而,这种弱点不适用于国际层次,因为各国在任何意义上都不是社会实体。它们是以自我为核心的个体政治行为体。当然,这正是现实主义对待国家的方式,这有助于解释为什么在国际体系中按照自由主义指令行事的国家,最终以均势的逻辑行事。
1702910638
1702910639 [353]Charles L.Glaser, Rational Theory of International Politics:The Logic of Competition and Cooperation(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2010),pp.38—39;Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp.31,363;Rosato,“The Inscrutable Intentions of Great Powers,”pp.52—53.
1702910640
1702910641 [354]John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government(Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1952),p.83.
1702910642
1702910643 [355]Stephen Holmes, Passions and Constraint:On the Theory of Liberal De-mocracy(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1997),p.39.
1702910644
1702910645 [356]Deborah Boucoyannis,“The International Wanderings of a Liberal Idea, or Why Liberals Can Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Balance of Power,”Perspectives on Politics 5,no.4(December 2007):708;G.Lowes Dickinson, The European Anarchy(New York:Macmillan,1916).
1702910646
1702910647 [357]对于自由主义在国内和国际层次上的区别的不同看法,参见Charles R.Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1979);Hidemi Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals(New York:Cambridge University Press,1989)。
1702910648
1702910649 [358]Monteiro, Theory of Unipolar Politics, chap.3.
1702910650
1702910651 [359]这并不是否认一些多民族国家内部应享有同样权利的构成民族不平等地对待彼此。但在许多情况下,这不是一个重大问题,不同的民族在一个更大的民族国家的背景下相处得很好。
1702910652
1702910653 [360]引自Gerald N.Rosenberg,“Much Ado about Nothing?The Emptiness of Rights’Claims in the Twenty-First Century United States,”in“Revisiting Rights,”ed.Austin Sarat, special issue, Studies in Law, Politics, and Society(Bingley, UK:Emerald Group,2009),p.20。
1702910654
1702910655 [361]Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide:The United Nations and Rwanda(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2002),pp.12—13,34—39,68,85,116—117,163;Samantha Power,“A Problem from Hell”:America and the Age of Genocide(New York:Basic Books,2002),pp.366—367,374—375.
1702910656
1702910657 [362]Scott D.Sagan and Benjamin A.Valentino,“Use of Force:The American Public and the Ethics of War,”Open Democracy, July 2,2015,https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/scott-d-sagan-benjamin-val-entino/use-of-force-american-public-and-ethics-of-war.
1702910658
1702910659 [363]Julia Hirschfeld Davis,“After Beheading of Steven Sotloff, Obama Pledges to Punish ISIS,”New York Times, September 3,2014;White House Press Office,“Statement by the President on ISIL,”September 10,2014.
1702910660
1702910661 [364]John Tirman, The Deaths of Others:The Fate of Civilians in America’s Wars(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),pp.295—302.也可参见Michal R.Belknap, The Vietnam War on Trial:The My Lai Massacre and the Court-Martial of Lieutenant Calley(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,2002);Kendrick Oliver, The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory(Manchester, UK:Manchester University Press,2006)。
1702910662
1702910663 [365]John Mueller, War and Ideas:Selected Essays(New York:Routledge,2011),p.174.
1702910664
1702910665 [366]Tirman, The Deaths of Others, p.3.
1702910666
1702910667 [367]第六章会更详细讨论这一案例。
1702910668
1702910669 [368]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.4—5,80—81,90.
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