打字猴:1.702910834e+09
1702910834
1702910835 [451]欧洲事务助理国务卿维多利亚·努兰(Victoria Nuland)2013年12月估计,美国自1991年以来已投资50多亿美元,以帮助乌克兰实现“它应得的未来”。Nuland,“Remarks at the U.S.-Ukraine Foundation Conference,”Washington, DC, December 13,2013,https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-ts=1422411861&v=2y0y-JUsPTU&x-yt-cl=84924572.一个关键的组织矛头正是国家民主基金会(NED),这是一个由美国政府大量资助的私人非营利基金会。Robert Parry,“A Shadow US Foreign Policy,”Consortium News, Febru-ary 27,2014;Robert Parry,“CIA’s Hidden Hand in‘Democracy’Groups,”Consortium News, January 10,2015.国家民主基金会已经资助了60多个旨在促进乌克兰公民社会的项目,其主席卡尔·格什曼(Carl Gershman)认为这是该组织的“最大奖项”。Gershman,“Former Soviet States Stand Up to Russia”;William Blum,“US Policy toward Ukraine:Hypocrisy of This Magnitude Has to Be Respected,”Foreign Policy Journal, March 8,2014.关于国家民主基金会的资助项目,参见National Endowment for Democracy,“Ukraine 2014,”ht-tp://www.ned.org/region/central-and-eastern-europe/ukraine-2014/。在2010年2月维克托·亚努科维奇(Viktor Yanukovych)赢得乌克兰总统选举后,国家民主基金会认定他在破坏其在乌克兰促进民主的运动。因此,国家民主基金会采取行动支持亚努科维奇的反对派,并加强乌克兰的民主制度。
1702910836
1702910837 [452]关于2014年2月22日政变之前的事件的详细讨论,参见Richard Sakwa, Frontline Ukraine:Crisis in the Borderlands(London:I.B.Tauris,2015),chaps.1—4。也见Rajan Menon and Eugene Rumer, Conflict in Ukraine:The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order(Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,2015),chap.2。
1702910838
1702910839 [453]Geoffrey Pyatt(@USAmbGreece),Twitter, February 22,2014,2:31 p.m.,https://mobile.twitter.com/GeoffPyatt/status/437308686810492929.280.
1702910840
1702910841 [454]关于北约东扩的初步决定,参见Ronald D.Asmus, Opening NATO’s Door:How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era(New York:Columbia University Press,2002);James M.Goldgeier, Not Whether but When:The U.S.Decision to Enlarge NATO(Washington, DC:Brookings Institution Press,1999)。
1702910842
1702910843 [455]引自Thomas L.Friedman,“Foreign Affairs;Now a Word from X,”New York Times, May 2,1998。
1702910844
1702910845 [456]“Moscow Looks with Concern at NATO, EU Enlargement—2004-02-17,”Voice of America English News, October 26,2009.
1702910846
1702910847 [457]北约扩张的阻力如此小的一个原因是,自由主义者假定北约将永远不必履行其新的安全保障,因为国际政治的性质,至少在欧洲已经发生了根本性的变化。欧洲的战争已经结束了。值得注意的是,美国及其欧洲盟国不认为乌克兰是其核心战略利益,这可以从它们不愿意在正在发生的危机中动用军事力量施以援手表现出来。从现实主义的角度来看,当联盟成员国无意保卫乌克兰时,将乌克兰纳入北约将会是荒谬至极的。然而,自由主义者认为,考虑到他们对当代世界是如何运作的理解,没有必要担心保卫乌克兰的问题。因此,他们愿意为一个他们最终不愿保卫的国家提供安全保障。
1702910848
1702910849 [458]“Full Transcript:President Obama Gives Speech Addressing Europe, Russiaon March 26,”Washington Post, March 26,2014;“Face the Nation Tran-scripts March 2,2014:Kerry Hagel,”CBS News, March 2,2014.也可参见the official transcript of“Remarks by the President at the New Economic School Gradu-ation,”Moscow, July 7,2009(Washington, DC:White House)。
1702910850
1702910851 [459]James Madison,“Political Observations.April 20,1795,”in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol.4(New York:Worthington,1884),p.492.也见Michael C.Desch,“America’s Liberal Illiberalism:The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U.S.Foreign Policy,”International Security 32,no.3(Winter2007/8):7—43;David C.Hendrickson, Republic in Peril:American Empire and the Liberal Tradition(New York:Oxford University Press,2018),especially chap.4。
1702910852
1702910853 [460]关于军事化的自由主义国家如何最终在国内推行军事化政策的讨论,参见Radley Balko, Rise of the Warrior Cop:The Militarization of America’s Po-lice Forces(New York:Public Affairs,2013),特别是第七章和第八章;Ber-nard E.Harcourt, The Counterrevolution:How Our Government Went to War a-gainst Its Own Citizens(New York:Basic Books,2018)。
1702910854
1702910855 [461]James Risen, State of War:The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration(New York:Free Press,2006);James Risen, Pay Any Price:Greed, Power, and Endless War(New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2014).也可参见Dana Priest and William M.Arkin, Top Secret America:The Rise of the New American Security State(New York:Back Bay Books,2011);Charlie Savage, Power Wars:The Relentless Rise of Presidential Authority and Secrecy(New York:Back Bay,2017)。
1702910856
1702910857 [462]Glenn Greenwald, No Place to Hide:Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S.Surveillance State(New York:Picador,2015),chap.5.
1702910858
1702910859 [463]Jonathan Easley,“Obama Says His Is‘Most Transparent Administra-tion’Ever,”The Hill, February 14,2013.
1702910860
1702910861 [464]这些定义取自John J.Mearsheimer, Why Leaders Lie:The Truth aboutLying in International Politics(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),chap.1。
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1702910863 [465]这一问题在美国尤为严重,因为其庞大的规模和得天独厚的地理条件使其成为一个非常安全的国家。因此,美国公众强烈倾向于不选择战争。
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1702910865 [466]Lee Ferran,“America’s Top Spy James Clapper:‘I Made a Mistake but I Did Not Lie,’”ABC News, February 17,2016;Glenn Kessler,“Clapper’s‘Least Untruthful’Statement to the Senate,”Washington Post, June 12,2013;Abby D.Phillip,“James Clapper Apologizes to Congress for‘Clearly Errone-ous’Testimony,”ABC News, July 2,2013.
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1702910867 [467]Risen, State of War.
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1702910869 [468]Greenwald, No Place to Hide.
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1702910871 [469]Jennifer Martinez,“Wyden Warns Data Collection under Patriot Act Is‘Limitless,’”The Hill, July 23,2013.
1702910872
1702910873 [470]Greenwald, No Place to Hide, pp.27—30,127—130,229—230,251.
1702910874
1702910875 [471]Siobhan Gorman,“Secret Court’s Oversight Gets Scrutiny,”Wall Street Journal, June 9,2013.
1702910876
1702910877 [472]Thomas A.Durkin,“Permanent States of Exception:A Two-Tiered System of Criminal Justice Courtesy of the Double Government Wars on Crime, Drugs&Terror,”Valparaiso University Law Review 50,no 2(Winter 2016):419—492.
1702910878
1702910879 [473]Spencer Ackerman,“Obama Lawyers Asked Secret Court to Ignore Pub-lic Court’s Decision on Spying,”Guardian, June 9,2015;Charlie Savage and Jonathan Weisman,“NSA Collection of Bulk Call Data Is Ruled Illegal,”New York Times, May 7,2015.
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1702910881 [474]“Guantanamo by the Numbers,”American Civil Liberties Union, March 2017,https://www. aclu.org/infographic/guantanamo-numbers.为了进行比较,2013年8月12日,关塔那摩有149名在押人员,其中37人被指定无限期拘留,79人被释放但仍被拘留。“By the Numbers,”Miami Herald, August 12,2013,http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/guan-tanamo/article1928628.html.
1702910882
1702910883 [475]Mark Fallon, Unjustifiable Means:The Inside Story of How the CIA, Pentagon, and US Government Conspired to Torture(New York:Regan Arts,2017).
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