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[92] Nellen,Hugo Grotius,304-5.
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[93] 关于格劳秀斯逃跑的描述,参见Knight,The Life and Work of Hugo Grotius,162-63;Vreeland,Hugo Grotius,121-49。
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[94] Jesse S. Reeves,“The First Edition of Grotius’s De Iure Belli ac Pacis,1625,” American Journal of International Law 19,no. 1 (1925):12-22.
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[95] Jesse S. Reeves,“Grotius,De Jure Belli ac Pacis:A Bibliographical Account,” American Journal of International Law 19,no. 1 (1925),251,261-62.
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[96] 正如哈根马赫尔提醒的那样,“该书总体逻辑不符合国际法的模式,因为其古典维度在威斯特伐利亚和平安排形成一个世纪以后才得以明确。格劳秀斯的书本质上是一部战争理论著作”。Peter Haggenmacher,“On Assessing the Grotian Heritage” in International Law and the Grotian Heritage,ed. T.M.C. Assar Instituut (The Hague:T.M.C. Assar Instituut,1985),152.
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[97] 普芬道夫称《战争与和平法》的作者是“不可比肩的雨果·格劳秀斯”,他“开始着手一项不受其前辈的影响支配的工作”。参见Samuel Pufendorf,Eris Scandica:und andere polemische Schriften uber das Naturrecht,Vol. 5,ed. Fiammatta Palladini (Berlin:Akademie Verlag,2002),126。其作品译者珍·巴贝拉克(Jean Barbeyrac)认为格劳秀斯再一次让“道德科学起死回生”。参见Jean Barbeyrac,“An Historical and Critical Account of the Science of Morality,” in Samuel Pufendorf,Of the Law of Nature and Nations,4th ed.,trans. Basil Kennett (London,1729),78。巴贝拉克认为弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)也是如此。
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[98]DJB,2.2.2.1.
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[99]DJB,2.11.1.4.
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[100] 例如,参见DJB,2.15.8 and 2.2.24。关于荷兰东印度公司的代理人以荷兰议会的名义与东印度国家之间缔结的商业条约的资料,参见1606年5月17日,科内利斯·迈特利夫·德·扬(Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge)海军上将与柔佛国王之间签订的条约,收录于Peter Borschberg,Journal,Memorials and Letter of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge:Security,Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia,ed. Peter Borschberg (Singapore:NUS Press,2015),158-59,而前述相同缔约方于1606年9月23日签订的另一个条约,引用并吸纳了5月签署的协定,Peter Borschberg,Journal,Memorials and Letter of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge:Security,Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia,ed. Peter Borschberg (Singapore:NUS Press,2015),160;1607年1月17日,副海军上将奥利威尔·德·维福瑞(Vice-Admiral Olivier de Vivere)与亚齐沙阿阿里·里亚特(Ali Ri’ayat Shah of Aceh)签署的条约,Peter Borschberg,Journal,Memorials and Letter of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge:Security,Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia,ed. Peter Borschberg (Singapore:NUS Press,2015),397-99;1607年5月26日,迈特利夫海军上将与德那第苏丹莫达法尔(Sultan Modafar of Ternate and his Council)签署的条约,Peter Borschberg,Journal,Memorials and Letter of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge:Security,Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia,ed. Peter Borschberg (Singapore:NUS Press,2015),421-24;1609年10月1日,塞缪尔·布洛迈特(Samuel Bloemaert)与桑马的塞巴人·汤加人·潘格兰人阿迪帕蒂(Sebau Tangan Pangeran Adipati of Sambas)之间签署的条约,Peter Borschberg,Journal,Memorials and Letter of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge:Security,Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia,ed. Peter Borschberg (Singapore:NUS Press,2015),446-48;Van Ittersum,Profit and Principle,267-70。关于格劳秀斯如何利用这些条约为荷兰东印度公司争取利益的讨论,参见Peter Borschberg,Journal,Memorials and Letter of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge:Security,Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia,ed. Peter Borschberg (Singapore:NUS Press,2015),359-483。
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[101] 引自G. N. Clark and Jonkheer W. J. M. Van Eysinga,eds.,Bibliotheca Visseriana:Dissertationum Ius Internationale Illustrantium,Vol. 17 (Leiden:Brill,1951),73。
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[102]DJB,2.1.2.1.
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[103]DJB,3.9.4.2.
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[104]DJB,3.6.2.1.
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[105]DJB,3.9.4.3.
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[106] 罗马法暗含着对强权即公理的接受,因为它赋予不经分辨正义战争与否即可拥有捕获的权利。见Digest 41.1.5.7:Item quae ex hostibus capiuntur,jure gentium statim capientium fiunt(“同样地,根据万国法,任何从敌人那里缴获的东西立即变成缴获之人的财产”);Digest 49.15.5 and 49.15.19,Institutes of Justinian,1.12.5。
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[107] Raphael Fulgosius,In primum Pandectarum partem Commentaria,ad Dig.,1,1,5 (Lyon,1554),trans. Robert Andrews and Peter Haggenmacher,in Gregory Reichber,The Ethics of War,228-29. 参见Haggenmacher,Grotius et la doctrine de la Guerre Juste,203-6,284-86。
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[108] 参见Balthazar Ayala,De Jure et Officiis Bellicis et Disciplina Militari Libri Ⅲ,ed. John Westlake,trans. John Pawley Bate,2 vols (Washington,DC:Carnegie Institution of U.S.A,1912),1.2.34。
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[109] Victor Hugo,Les Miserables,Vol. 2,Bk. 1,Ch. 19.
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[110] 见《牛津英语大辞典》(Oxford English Dictionary),“Robe(长袍)”词条[“‘抢劫’这个词的日耳曼语基础,动词,本意是‘战利品’,(因此)衣物也被视为战利品”]。
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[111] John Lynn,“How War Fed War:The Tax of Violence and Contributions During the Grand Siecle,” Journal of Modern History 65,no. 2 (June 1993):286,290.(“权力的滥用并不是简单地破坏了这个体系;这个体系的特征就是滥用权力。”)。关于战利品的相关法律,参见Fritz Redlich,De Praeda Militari:Looting and Booty,1500-1815 (Wiesbaden:F. Steiner,1956)。
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[112]DJP,179-80. 格劳秀斯赞成“极其博学的法学家福尔戈修斯”的观点,因为他没有从字面上理解自己的思想,但他不赞同“西班牙人阿亚拉”,因为他仅从字面上理解自己的意思,尽管阿亚拉在其著作中明确指出他只是赞同福尔戈修斯的观点。
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[113]DJP,180.
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[114] 格劳秀斯的“诚信”例外论并没有解决清洁物权的问题,因为商人们总会怀疑战争中捕获的财产不是来自善意捕获。
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[115]DJB,3.4.4.
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[116]DJB,1.3.4.
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