打字猴:1.70291483e+09
1702914830
1702914831 格劳秀斯成功地构建了一个平行的法律世界——一个在和平时期显得荒谬可笑,但在战争时期却不可或缺的规则体系。它们之所以不可或缺,是因为它们回答了格劳秀斯式视角下所提出的棘手问题:为什么在参加的战争被证明缺乏合法性基础的情况下,士兵和主权者却不是罪犯?格劳秀斯的回答是,他们的战争必须被当作似乎总是有合法性基础。士兵和主权者之所以不是罪犯,是因为冲突的局外人无法了解足够的事实或法律来判断情况。他们可以合法地杀人(以及做很多在和平时期属于非法的事情),因为外人不能也不应该偏袒任何一方。因此,杀人许可权以中立的名义被授予,而中立是那些非冲突方置身事外的义务。事实上,旧世界秩序如此重视中立,以至于它将中立思想延伸至其逻辑结论——这个结论也是荒谬的。
1702914832
1702914833 [1] James Mooney,The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1991),1060-61.后文相关论述借鉴了该文献,尤其是第916~925页。
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1702914835 [2] James Mooney,The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1991),917.
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1702914837 [3] James Mooney,The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1991),917.
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1702914839 [4] James Mooney,The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1991),917.
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1702914841 [5] Robert M. Utley,“The Ordeal of Plenty Horses,” American Heritage 26,no. 1 (1974).
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1702914843 [6] Nelson A. Miles,“Statement of General Nelson A. Miles on the ‘Sioux Outbreak’ of 1890,” in Report of the Secretary of War for 1891,Vol. 1 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1892),133-34,149.
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1702914845 [7] 塔桑卡·奥塔翻译过来书面意思是许多马(Many Horses),但美国军方和政府机构叫他大量的马(Plenty Horses)。参见Roger L. Di Silvestro,In the Shadow of Wounded Knee:The Untold Final Chapter of the Indian Wars (New York:Walker,2005),3。
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1702914847 [8] Utley,“The Ordeal of Plenty Horses.”
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1702914849 [9] Di Silvestro,In the Shadow of Wounded Knee,102,134,138.
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1702914851 [10] “He Killed Lieut. Casey:The Trial of Plenty Horses Begun in Sioux City,” New York World,April 25,1891.
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1702914853 [11] Utley,“The Ordeal of Plenty Horses.”
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1702914855 [12] Utley,“The Ordeal of Plenty Horses.”
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1702914857 [13] Robert Lee,Fort Meade and the Black Hills (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1991),135.
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1702914859 [14]New York World,May 29,1891.
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1702914861 [15]DJB,3.4.3.
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1702914863 [16] Di Silvestro,In the Shadow of Wounded Knee,151.
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1702914865 [17]DJB,3.4.3.
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1702914867 [18] Olivier Fatio and Beatrice Nicollier-de Weck,Comprendre L’Escalade:Essai de Geopolitique Genevoise (Geneva:Labor & Fides,2002),71-79.
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1702914869 [19] Olivier Fatio and Beatrice Nicollier-de Weck,Comprendre L’Escalade:Essai de Geopolitique Genevoise (Geneva:Labor & Fides,2002),77.
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1702914871 [20] Jean-Pierre Gaberel,Les Guerres de Geneve aux XVIme et XVIIme Siecles et L’Escalade,12 Decembre 1602 (Geneva:Imprimerie Charles Schuchardt,1880),149.
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1702914873 [21] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.4.68.
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1702914875 [22] Francisco de Vitoria,Vitoria:Political Writings,eds. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003),313;Andrew Sola,“The Enlightened Grunt?Invincible Ignorance in the Just War Tradition,” Journal of Military Ethics 8,no. 1 (2009):48-65.
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1702914877 [23] “The Red Man,” The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle 85 (1815):123.
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1702914879 [24] 别西卜是《旧约·圣经》中魔鬼的名字,意思是“苍蝇之主”或者“粪堆之王”,是故意侮辱人类最大的敌人而用的。——译者注
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