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与此同时,凯洛格试图将莱文森置于被人遗忘的境地,后者同样被提名为诺贝尔奖候选人。[172]当凯洛格在1929年12月得知莱文森也在竞争诺贝尔奖时,他写信给积极参与了诺贝尔奖委员会事务的挪威大使。“一个姓莱文森的人——我已经忘记了他的名字——正在芝加哥进行活动,他自称是非法化战争这一思想的创始人。”凯洛格继续声称,莱文森“从未与《非战公约》的谈判有过任何关系”,尽管他可能曾向美国国务院递交过文件,但自己从未见过这些文件,也没有与莱文森有过任何关系。“莱文森是一个固执、傲慢、自负的人,”他补充道,“显然,他认为自己是世界上第一个想要宣布战争为非法的人。”他向挪威大使保证说:“我不会因为竞争诺贝尔奖而降低自己的人格。”[173]一年后,凯洛格获得了诺贝尔和平奖。
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尽管凯洛格否定了莱文森的历史作用,但这位芝加哥律师——以及那位他还不时与之针锋相对的纽约历史学家——已经取得了胜利。尽管这项协议在美国可能以《凯洛格-白里安公约》之名而为人们所知,但它体现了莱文森-肖特维尔关于这个世界的愿景:在这个世界上,军事强权不再是合法的公理。这一愿景将继续获得拥护。在凯洛格接受诺贝尔奖后的短短几年时间里,几乎世界上所有国家都批准了这项条约。用莱文森的话来说,战争被宣布为非法了。
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[1] “Austria-Hungary:Ultimatum to Serbia,” July 22,1914,in International Law Documents 1917:Neutrality,Breaking of Diplomatic Relations,War (Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1918),38. 关于更多战前事件的描述,请参阅 T. G. Otte,July Crisis:The World’s Descent into War,Summer 1914 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014)。
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[2] “Serbian Reply to [the] Austrian Government,” July 25,1914,in International Law Documents 1917,47.
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[3] “Imperial Rescript and Manifesto,” in New York Times Current History:The European War from the Beginning to March 1915,Vol. 1,No. 2 (New York:New York Times,2005),225. 参阅“The Austro-Hungarian Declaration of War Against Serbia,” July 28,1914,in International Law Documents 1917,49。
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[4] “Note presented by the German Ambassador at St. Petersburgh,” August 1,1914,in Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War,ed. James Brown Scott (New York:Oxford University Press,1916),763-64.
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[5] 宣言通常以《德国白皮书》的名字命名。The German White Book:How Russia and Her Ruler Betrayed Germany’s Confidence and Thereby Caused the European War (Berlin:Liebheit and Thiesen,1914). 外交部还向《纽约时报》提供了宣言文稿,后者在其1914年8月4日出版的报纸上刊登了。参见Frederic William Wile,“Full Text of the German White Paper,” New York Times,August 24,1914。
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[6] “Imperial Manifesto,” August 2,1914,in Documents of Russian History,1914-1917,ed. Frank Alfred Golder (New York:Century Company,1927),29-30.
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[7] The Franco-Russian Alliance Military Convention,August 18,1892,Avalon Law Project,Yale Law School,Lillian Goldman Law Library,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th century/frrumil.asp;Germany’s Declaration of War with France (“Letter Handed by the German Ambassador to M. Rene Viviani”),August 3,1914,in Scott,ed.,Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War,693-94.
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[8] 当英国大使通知德国首相特奥巴登·冯·贝特曼·霍尔维格(Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg)因为德国破坏了比利时的中立,英国要向德国开战时,德国首相惊呼,他不敢相信英国竟然会因为“一纸协定”而与“一个同源国家”(“a kindred nation”)开战。参见Sir E. Goschen’s report to Sir Edward Grey on interview with Chancellor vonBethmann-Hollweg (August 4,1914),World War I Document Archive,http://www.gwpda. org/1914/paperscrap.html;Isabel V. Hull,A Scrap of Paper:Breaking and Making International Law During the Great War (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press 2014),42。
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[9] “Note Communicated by M. Davignon,the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs,to Herr von Below Saleske,German Minister,” August 3,1914,in Official Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War,ed. Edwin von Mach (New York:Macmillan Company,1916),421.
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[10] Hew Strachan,The First World War (New York:Viking,2004);Barbara Tuchman,The Guns of August:The Outbreak of World War I (New York:Presidio Press,2004),321.
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[11] Woodrow Wilson,“An Appeal by the President of the United States to the Citizens of the Republic,Requesting Their Assistance in Maintaining a State of Neutrality During the Present European War,” August 19,2014,Congress,63rd Cong.,2nd Sess.,Senate Doc. No. 566 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1914),3-4.
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[12] Woodrow Wilson,“An Appeal by the President of the United States to the Citizens of the Republic,Requesting Their Assistance in Maintaining a State of Neutrality During the Present European War,” August 19,2014,Congress,63rd Cong.,2nd Sess.,Senate Doc. No. 566 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1914),3-4.
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[13] Howard Jones,Crucible of Power:A History of U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1897 (Wilmington,DE:Rowman & Littlefield,2001),73.
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[14] “Lusitania Sunk by a Submarine,Probably 1000 Dead,” New York Times,May 8,1915. 德国人声称,击沉该船是完全正当的。他们争辩说,这艘船载有为盟国提供的弹药,因此是一艘军舰,根据国际法是合法的攻击目标。参见“Sinking Justified Says Dr. Dernberg:Lusitania a ‘War Vessel’ Known to be Carrying Contraband,Hence Search Was Not Necessary,” New York Times,May 9,1915。最近的证据支持了德国的说法:对沉船残骸的物证鉴定表明,“卢西塔尼亚号”沉没时,载有多达400万发子弹。参见Sam Greenhill,“Secret of the Lusitania:Arms Find Challenges Allied Claims It Was Solely a Passenger Ship,” Daily Mail,December 19,2008。
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[15] Erik Larson,Dead Wake:The Last Crossing of the Lusitania (New York:Crown,2015),276.
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[16] The Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to the Ambassador in Germany (Gerard)(May 13,1915),FRUS 1915 (Supplement:The World War),393;The Secretary of State ad interim (Lansing) to the Ambassador in Germany (Gerard)(June 9,1915)FRUS 1915 (Supplement:The World War),436;The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Germany (Gerard)(July 21,1915),FRUS 1915 (Supplement:The World War),480;president Woodrow Wilson to German Foreign Minister (April 18,1916)(delivered by the Ambassador in German (Gerad),pursuant to instnutions from Secretary of State Robert Lansing,FRUS 1916 (Supplement:The World War),232-34(“除非帝国政府现在立即宣布放弃现有的对旅客和货运船只进行潜艇战的方法,否则美国政府别无选择,只能断绝与德意志帝国的外交关系”)。
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[17] German Foreign Minister Gottleib Von Jagow to U.S. Ambassdor James W. Gerard (May 4,1916),FRUS 1916 (Supplement:The World War),257.
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[18] Democratic Party Platform,June 16,1916,The American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid= 29591. 也可参阅 John Milton Cooper,Jr.,Woodrow Wilson:A Biography (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,2009),342。
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[19] Zimmermann Telegram as Received by the German Ambassador to Mexico,January 19,1917,General Records of the Department of State,Record Group 59,National Archives.
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[20] Zimmermann Telegram as Received by the German Ambassador to Mexico,January 19,1917,General Records of the Department of State,Record Group 59,National Archives.
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[21] 战争前夕,卡内基国际和平基金会(Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)重印了一版《海洋自由论》,在其导言中,明确表达了这种关联:“‘海洋自由’这个表述一直被交战方和中立方挂在嘴边,现在第一次用英语及时地发行格劳秀斯著名的拉丁文小册子似乎是明智的。格劳秀斯通过这本著作宣称、解释并在很大程度上实现了‘海洋自由’。’”参见Hugo Grotius,The Freedom of the Seas or the Right Which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in East Indian Trade,trans. Ralph Van Derman Magoffin(New York:Oxford University Press,1916),v。
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[22] Woodrow Wilson,“Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Germany,” April 2,1917,Records of the United States Senate,Record Group 46,National Archives.
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[23] Derek H. Aldcroft,From Versailles to Wall Street,1919-1929 (Berkeley:University of California Press,1981),13(“现役部队死亡人数……800万”);Meredith Reid Sarkees,The COW Typology of War:Defining and Categorizing Wars(Version 4 of the Data)(显示战斗死亡8578031人)。
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