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[23] John S. Sewall,The Logbook of the Captain’s Clerk:Adventures in the China Seas (Bangor,ME:C. H. Glas & Co. 1905),143.
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[24] Perry,The Japan Expedition,3.
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[25] Schroeder,Matthew Calbraith Perry,79.
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[26] Sewall,The Logbook of the Captain’s Clerk,143-44.
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[27] Perry,The Japan Expedition,91-92.
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[28] Perry,The Japan Expedition,93-94. 佩里远征队与日本人之间的所有谈判都是通过中文和荷兰语翻译人员进行的,并且条约文本被翻译成了四种语言:日语、英语、中文和荷兰语。请参阅De-min Tao,“Negotiating Language in the Opening of Japan:Luo Sen’s Journal of Perry’s 1854 Expedition,” Japan Review 17 (2005):91-119。然而,正如我们将要看到的,这些翻译都不完美。
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[29] Sewall,The Logbook of the Captain’s Clerk,145.
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[30] Perry,The Japan Expedition,94. 佩里在其日志中反复提到在江户的“天皇”。佩里抵达日本时,日本皇室(以天皇为首)位于京都,在国家统治中并没有发挥重要作用。直到1868年明治维新后,天皇(当时是一个17岁的男孩)才成为位于改名为东京(江户)的日本政府的概念性首脑。参见Meirion and Susie Harries,Soldiers of the Sun:The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army,1868-1945 (London:Heinemann,1991),12。因此,很有可能佩里实际上是与日本国大君(幕府将军)而不是日本天皇在通信。事实上,后来美国和日本之间的条约清楚地显示是美国与大君签订的。请参阅Cyril H. Powles,“The Myth of the Two Emperors:A Study in Misunderstanding,Pacific Historical Review,” 37,no. 1 (February 1968);Hamish Ion,American Missionaries,Christian Oyatoi,and Japan,1859-73 (Vancouver and Toronto:University of British Columbia Press,2009),38-39。
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[31] Perry,The Japan Expedition,95.
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[32] Perry,The Japan Expedition,95.
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[33] Perry,The Japan Expedition,95.
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[34] Perry,The Japan Expedition,96.
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[35] Hugo Grotius,The Freedom of the Seas,or The Right Which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in the East Indian Trade,trans. Ralph van Derman Magoffin (New York:Oxford University Press,1916),7.
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[36] Hugo Grotius,The Freedom of the Seas,or The Right Which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in the East Indian Trade,trans. Ralph van Derman Magoffin (New York:Oxford University Press,1916),7.
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[37] Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1090.
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[38] Perry,The Japan Expedition,98.
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[39] Perry,The Japan Expedition,98,102-3.
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[40] “Perry’s Letter in Connection with the Delivery of a White Flag,[July 14,]1853,” trans. Masatoshi Knishi,in Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources,2:15-16. 请参阅Schroeder,Matthew Calbraith Perry,286 n. 44。美和君忠(Miwa Kimitada)的文章收录了这封信的日语文本以及英语的简要介绍。参见 Miwa Kimitada,“Perry’s White Flags:From the Deletion in His Own Records to Their Reemergence in Historical Writings,” in Jochi Daigaku Gaikokugo Gakubu kiyo 29 (1994):225-49(在其描述中,提到了两面白旗而不是一面,这与其他描述是一致的)。正如美和君忠正确地注意到的,佩里自己的著作中根本没有提到过这封信或者任何白旗。参见Kimitada,“Perry’s White Flags,” 225。
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[41] Perry,The Japan Expedition,159.
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[42] Perry,The Japan Expedition,162.
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[43] Perry,The Japan Expedition,163.
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[44] Perry,The Japan Expedition,233 (“List of American Presents brought ashore in Japan,March 13,1854”).
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[45] 指的是伊势守、老中首座阿部正弘。——译者注
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[46] 佩里列的书单是“肯德尔《墨西哥战争》,以及里普利《墨西哥战争史》”。Perry,The Japan Expedition,233 (“List of American Presents brought ashore in Japan,March 13,1854”).它们几乎肯定是:Roswell Sabine Ripley,The War with Mexico,Vol. 2 (New York:Harper & Brothers,1849);以及George Wilkins Kendall and Carl Nebel,The War Between the United States and Mexico,Illustrated (New York:D. Appleton & Co.,1851)。佩里所指的“伊势亲王、第一顾问阿部”最有可能是老中首座阿部正弘。
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[47] Ripley,The War with Mexico,Vol. 2,87-89,139-42.
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