打字猴:1.702916214e+09
1702916214
1702916215 [48] Perry,The Japan Expedition,163-64.
1702916216
1702916217 [49] Sewall,The Logbook of the Captain’s Clerk,125.
1702916218
1702916219 [50] 该条约即《美日亲善条约》,又称《神奈川条约》,1854年3月31日签订。——译者注
1702916220
1702916221 [51] Perry,The Japan Expedition,172;Treaty of Peace and Amity,U.S.-Japan,March 31,1854[被称为《神奈川条约》(Treaty of Kanagawa)],in Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 6,439-40。
1702916222
1702916223 [52] 哈里斯曾前往中国和荷兰东印度群岛,并于1853年在上海居住。当时,佩里在前往日本途中经过这里。佩里拒绝哈里斯加入此行任务当中,但后者成功地让自己在两年后获得了这项新任务。参见 Townsend Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris:First American Consul General and Minister to Japan (Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1930),2-3。
1702916224
1702916225 [53] Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,617.
1702916226
1702916227 [54] Otsuka,“Japan’s Early Encounter with the Concept of the ‘Law of Nations,’”52-53;Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris,208-10.
1702916228
1702916229 [55] 与佩里的谈判不同,日本与哈里斯的谈判并不是在一排炮艇威胁的阴影下举行的。但这种威胁同样存在。事实上,哈里斯至少明确表示过一次。他报告说:“我说过,在一支舰队的支持下,谈判者(Negociator)[原文如此]所要求的条款,不会像我这样的人提出来的条款那样温和,并且,让日本人屈服于一支舰队的武力威胁而同意签订条约,会让他们看不起我们的政府,从而实际上削弱了它的权力,所以我拒绝派出一支舰队。”参见Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1054。
1702916230
1702916231 [56] 1858年《日美修好通商条约》。——译者注
1702916232
1702916233 [57] 美国人会就所有输入该国的货物向日本政府支付固定关税——包括捕鲸装备、腌制食品、活体动物、建筑用木材、铅、锡、蒸汽机械和丝绸在内的开列项目支付5%,其他几乎所有产品支付20%。所有出口货物征收5%的关税,但铸币除外。参见Treaty of Amity and Commerce,U.S.-Japan,July 29,1858,in Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,971-73。
1702916234
1702916235 [58] 关于1857年和1858年条约的文本和谈判经过,参见Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,595-648,947-1170。
1702916236
1702916237 [59] 参见 Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1095。谈判于1857年12月21日举行。有一个消息来源称,后文将要讲到的西周是哈里斯征服期间的日本译员之一,他把日语翻译成通用外交语言荷兰语,然后又译回来。参见Alexis Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea:Discourse and Power (Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,2005),42。
1702916238
1702916239 [60] 佩里的任务并不是日本在格劳秀斯式法律秩序下受到的最后一个教训。1863年,当长门守护(Prince of Nagato)无视条约规定向美国轮船“彭布罗克号”(Pembroke)开火并将其摧毁,同时关闭马关海峡禁止外国船只通行之后,英国、荷兰和法国的战舰在另一艘美国轮船的伴随下,轰炸了马关,直到长门守护投降。参见Claims of Citizens of the United States Against Foreign Governments,in Compilation of Reports of Committee on Foreign Relations,United States Senate,1789-1901,56th Cong. 1st Sess.,Senate Report No. 752 (Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1901),437-40 (1881年1月13日对日本索赔)。
1702916240
1702916241 [61] 请比较以下两篇文献:Matthew Lamberti,“Tokugawa Nariaki and the Japanese Imperial Institution:1853-1858,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 32 (1972):97-123;Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris。
1702916242
1702916243 [62] Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi,“In Name Only:Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan,” Journal of Japanese Studies 17,no. 1 (1991):27-28. 当其与外国领导人谈判时,幕府将军使用“日本大君”这一外交头衔。
1702916244
1702916245 [63] James Murdoch,A History of Japan,Vol. 3:The Tokugawa Epoch,1652-1868 (London:Kegan Paul,Trench,Trubner & Co.,1926),569-662;Donald Keene,Emperor of Japan:Meiji and His World,1852-1912 (New York:Columbia University Press,2002).
1702916246
1702916247 [64] Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris,558. 默多克(Murdoch)也提到了他的病情。参见Murdoch,A History of Japan,Vol. 3,652。
1702916248
1702916249 [65] Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris,558. 默多克(Murdoch)也提到了他的病情。参见Murdoch,A History of Japan,Vol. 3,652。
1702916250
1702916251 [66] Lamberti,“Tokugawa Nariaki and the Japanese Imperial Institution:1853-1858,” 119-20. 哈里斯自己的日志缺失关于这一阶段的描述。参见Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris,559。
1702916252
1702916253 [67] Murdoch,A History of Japan,Vol. 3,652.
1702916254
1702916255 [68] Letter from Townsend Harris to His Excellency Hotta Prince of Bitsu,July 24,1858,reprinted in Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1064. 也可参见Murdoch,A History of Japan,Vol. 3,655-56。第二天,美国驻印度、中国和日本海军总司令抵达并证实了英国人正在前来的消息。参见Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1065。关于从美国视角对上述事件的描述。参见Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,947-1170。
1702916256
1702916257 [69] Murdoch,A History of Japan,Vol. 3,656.
1702916258
1702916259 [70] Lamberti,“Tokugawa Nariaki and the Japanese Imperial Institution:1853-1858,” 119-20.
1702916260
1702916261 [71] 当时,在最惠国待遇原则之下,各国普遍坚持享有与“最惠”国平等的权利。参见 J. H. Richardson,Economic Disarmament:A Study on International Cooperation (London:Allen & Unwin Brothers Ltd.,1931),81-82。
1702916262
1702916263 [72] Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1044,1095.
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