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[37] Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1090.
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[38] Perry,The Japan Expedition,98.
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[39] Perry,The Japan Expedition,98,102-3.
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[40] “Perry’s Letter in Connection with the Delivery of a White Flag,[July 14,]1853,” trans. Masatoshi Knishi,in Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources,2:15-16. 请参阅Schroeder,Matthew Calbraith Perry,286 n. 44。美和君忠(Miwa Kimitada)的文章收录了这封信的日语文本以及英语的简要介绍。参见 Miwa Kimitada,“Perry’s White Flags:From the Deletion in His Own Records to Their Reemergence in Historical Writings,” in Jochi Daigaku Gaikokugo Gakubu kiyo 29 (1994):225-49(在其描述中,提到了两面白旗而不是一面,这与其他描述是一致的)。正如美和君忠正确地注意到的,佩里自己的著作中根本没有提到过这封信或者任何白旗。参见Kimitada,“Perry’s White Flags,” 225。
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[41] Perry,The Japan Expedition,159.
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[42] Perry,The Japan Expedition,162.
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[43] Perry,The Japan Expedition,163.
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[44] Perry,The Japan Expedition,233 (“List of American Presents brought ashore in Japan,March 13,1854”).
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[45] 指的是伊势守、老中首座阿部正弘。——译者注
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[46] 佩里列的书单是“肯德尔《墨西哥战争》,以及里普利《墨西哥战争史》”。Perry,The Japan Expedition,233 (“List of American Presents brought ashore in Japan,March 13,1854”).它们几乎肯定是:Roswell Sabine Ripley,The War with Mexico,Vol. 2 (New York:Harper & Brothers,1849);以及George Wilkins Kendall and Carl Nebel,The War Between the United States and Mexico,Illustrated (New York:D. Appleton & Co.,1851)。佩里所指的“伊势亲王、第一顾问阿部”最有可能是老中首座阿部正弘。
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[47] Ripley,The War with Mexico,Vol. 2,87-89,139-42.
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[48] Perry,The Japan Expedition,163-64.
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[49] Sewall,The Logbook of the Captain’s Clerk,125.
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[50] 该条约即《美日亲善条约》,又称《神奈川条约》,1854年3月31日签订。——译者注
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[51] Perry,The Japan Expedition,172;Treaty of Peace and Amity,U.S.-Japan,March 31,1854[被称为《神奈川条约》(Treaty of Kanagawa)],in Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 6,439-40。
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[52] 哈里斯曾前往中国和荷兰东印度群岛,并于1853年在上海居住。当时,佩里在前往日本途中经过这里。佩里拒绝哈里斯加入此行任务当中,但后者成功地让自己在两年后获得了这项新任务。参见 Townsend Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris:First American Consul General and Minister to Japan (Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1930),2-3。
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[53] Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,617.
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[54] Otsuka,“Japan’s Early Encounter with the Concept of the ‘Law of Nations,’”52-53;Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris,208-10.
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[55] 与佩里的谈判不同,日本与哈里斯的谈判并不是在一排炮艇威胁的阴影下举行的。但这种威胁同样存在。事实上,哈里斯至少明确表示过一次。他报告说:“我说过,在一支舰队的支持下,谈判者(Negociator)[原文如此]所要求的条款,不会像我这样的人提出来的条款那样温和,并且,让日本人屈服于一支舰队的武力威胁而同意签订条约,会让他们看不起我们的政府,从而实际上削弱了它的权力,所以我拒绝派出一支舰队。”参见Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1054。
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[56] 1858年《日美修好通商条约》。——译者注
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[57] 美国人会就所有输入该国的货物向日本政府支付固定关税——包括捕鲸装备、腌制食品、活体动物、建筑用木材、铅、锡、蒸汽机械和丝绸在内的开列项目支付5%,其他几乎所有产品支付20%。所有出口货物征收5%的关税,但铸币除外。参见Treaty of Amity and Commerce,U.S.-Japan,July 29,1858,in Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,971-73。
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[58] 关于1857年和1858年条约的文本和谈判经过,参见Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,595-648,947-1170。
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[59] 参见 Miller,ed.,Treaties and Other International Acts,Vol. 7,1095。谈判于1857年12月21日举行。有一个消息来源称,后文将要讲到的西周是哈里斯征服期间的日本译员之一,他把日语翻译成通用外交语言荷兰语,然后又译回来。参见Alexis Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea:Discourse and Power (Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,2005),42。
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[60] 佩里的任务并不是日本在格劳秀斯式法律秩序下受到的最后一个教训。1863年,当长门守护(Prince of Nagato)无视条约规定向美国轮船“彭布罗克号”(Pembroke)开火并将其摧毁,同时关闭马关海峡禁止外国船只通行之后,英国、荷兰和法国的战舰在另一艘美国轮船的伴随下,轰炸了马关,直到长门守护投降。参见Claims of Citizens of the United States Against Foreign Governments,in Compilation of Reports of Committee on Foreign Relations,United States Senate,1789-1901,56th Cong. 1st Sess.,Senate Report No. 752 (Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1901),437-40 (1881年1月13日对日本索赔)。
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[61] 请比较以下两篇文献:Matthew Lamberti,“Tokugawa Nariaki and the Japanese Imperial Institution:1853-1858,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 32 (1972):97-123;Harris,The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris。
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